United States News
See other United States News Articles
Title: No, The American Founders Were Not Libertarians
Source:
[None]
URL Source: http://thefederalist.com/2017/05/02 ... can-founders-not-libertarians/
Published: May 2, 2017
Author: Jonathan Ashbach
Post Date: 2018-01-25 08:43:41 by A K A Stone
Keywords: None
Views: 6019
Comments: 148
Libertarians are still trying to claim the American Founding as theirs. One occasionally hears the argument that the principles of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence are libertarian. One of the most recent instances of this claim resides in Nikolai Wenzel’s first-rate defense of libertarianism in “Selfish Libertarians and Socialist Conservatives?” (Stanford: 2017). Yet a closer look at the Founders’ thought about government makes clear that it was anything but libertarian. Wenzel notes there are different types of libertarianism. He clarifies that “unless I specify otherwise, I will use the term libertarian to mean minarchy.” Minarchist libertarianism holds that government exists only to protect individuals’ rights. “A libertarian government is forbidden from doing almost everything,” Wenzel states. “In fact, a libertarian government is empowered to do only one thing: defend individual rights.” Wenzel’s argument for a libertarian Founding rests largely on the Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Indeed, his claims do seem superficially persuasive. The Constitution limits the federal government to the exercise of a few specific powers. Surely, this is a classic instance of libertarian philosophy limiting the sphere of government, is it not? As Wenzel argues, “By and large, the enumerated powers granted to the federal government under Article I, section 8, are in line with libertarian philosophy.” He recognizes that elements of the Constitution violate libertarian principles, but his overall evaluation is that “The U.S. Constitution was largely a libertarian document.” The Declaration, argues Wenzel, is more explicitly libertarian. It declares that all possess natural rights and that governments are created to protect those rights. “There, then,” says Wenzel, “is the political philosophy of the Declaration: The purpose of government is to protect rights. Period.” He calls this “a minimalist philosophy with which any libertarian would agree.” The Fatal Flaw: A Different Understanding of Rights So far, all of this sounds quite convincing, but there is a fatal flaw in Wenzel’s argument. Both libertarians and the American Founders describe the purpose of government as the protection of rights. But by “rights” they mean two very different things. For Wenzel, respecting others’ rights simply means refraining from coercion. The state exists only to protect rights, and therefore, “the state itself may not engage in any coercion, except to prevent coercion.” He argues that participants in immoral trades, such as “The drug pusher, the prostitute, and the pornographer,” do not violate others’ rights “as long as they do not coercively impose their wares on others.” Nor does the polygamist. Wenzel’s coauthor Nathan Schlueter points out the problem with this position: “Libertarianism essentially denies that…moral harms exist and maintains that the only real injustice is coercion. Accordingly, it promotes a legal regime in which some individuals are legally entitled to harm others in noncoercive ways.” Wenzel assumes that only coercion violates rights. The Founders profoundly disagreed. A Second Look at the Founding Creed Think again about the alleged libertarianism of the Founding documents. Wenzel makes a common mistake in assuming that the limitation of the national government to a few specific enumerated powers reflects libertarian belief. But this limitation has nothing to do with libertarianism. It has everything to do with federalism. The federal government was only created to fulfill certain limited, particular purposes. It was not created to do everything the Founders believed government should do. Most of those functions—and, on the whole, those less compatible with libertarianism—were entrusted to the states. The fact that the enumerated powers of the federal government are largely consistent with libertarianism does not mean the Founders were libertarians. It means nothing at all, in fact. It is a conclusion based on only half the data. Actually, the enumeration of federal powers is more an accident of history than anything else. James Madison’s original proposal was that the national government simply possess blanket authority “to legislate in all cases to which the separate States are incompetent.” The Constitutional Convention ultimately chose to list its powers, believing this was less liable to abuse, but this decision was by no means dictated by the Founders’ beliefs about government. As for the Declaration, it does not say that government exists only to protect individuals’ life, liberty, and property. A libertarian right to be free of coercion is not intended here. Instead, the Declaration states that life and liberty are included “among” the natural rights of mankind, as is something else referred to as “the pursuit of happiness.” The right to happiness was not simply sweet-sounding rhetoric. It was the centerpiece of the Founders’ political theory. Government for the Common Good The Founders’ political theory was not libertarian, because they believed that the preeminent human right was happiness. The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, for example, states: “All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness” (emphases added). As the language makes clear, the rights of man could be expressed as a list of rights that includes life, liberty, and property. But the great right that encompassed all others was the right to pursue (or even obtain!) happiness. Assertions of this right to happiness appear in many Founding-Era writings, including other state constitutions. The purpose of government, in turn, was to help people achieve happiness by promoting their good. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention James Wilson wrote one of the most thorough expositions of the Founding philosophy—his famous “Lectures on Law.” In them, he explains that the purpose of government is to promote the well-being of those subject to it: “Whatever promotes the greatest happiness of the whole,” that is what government should do. Once again, this sort of talk is commonplace. Twelve of the 13 original states adopted a constitution in the Founding Era. Every one of these states described the purpose of government as promoting the well-being of citizens. The New Hampshire constitution of 1784 is typical, holding that “all government…is…instituted for the general good.” What Conservative Governance Means Because the general good includes the moral good, this meant discouraging immoral behavior. Wenzel speaks of voluntary drug and sexual matters as beyond the purview of a libertarian government. But such laws were universal in early America. Thus Mark Kann writes in “Taming Passion for the Public Good” that “the state’s right to regulate sexual practices…was undisputed” in early America, and Wilson notes bigamy, prostitution, and indecency as offenses subject to punishment on Founding political theory. Similarly, in “Federalist” 12, Alexander Hamilton cites the beneficial impact on morals as a justification for federal taxation of alcoholic imports. The Founders used government to discourage other noncoercive activities, as well. In 1778, Congress recommended to the states “suppressing theatrical entertainments, horse-racing, gambling, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and a general depravity of principles and manners.” In his book, “The People’s Welfare,” William Novak details the extensive regulation of everything from lotteries and usury to Sunday travel, coarse language, and poor relief that was the norm during the Founding Era. The American Founders believed that government exists to protect rights, just as libertarians do. But their understanding of rights was radically different from the libertarian understanding. Libertarians like Wenzel believe that protecting rights means prohibiting coercion. The Founders believed that protecting rights meant seeking the moral and material well- being of society. The American Founding was conservative, not libertarian. Libertarians will have to look elsewhere to support their beliefs. Jonathan Ashbach is a PhD student in politics at Hillsdale College. Jonathan has worked in the hospitality industry and as assistant editor for the Humboldt Economic Index. His work has also been published on Patheos and Christianity Today.
Post Comment Private Reply Ignore Thread
Top • Page Up • Full Thread • Page Down • Bottom/Latest
Comments (1-69) not displayed.
.
.
.
#70. To: tpaine (#69)
And if Ron Paultard managed to get as lucky as it takes to win the Power Ball lottery, and win the position of POTUS, with a 6% backing, HE'D GET EVEN LESS DONE THAN TRUMP. I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح
I support Trump. You're such a fanatical crazy, he wouldn't want your support.
That wasn't my point... dumb dumb. I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح
Most of the time, youre incapable of making a valid point, and don't even know it...
If the willful KOOKIFONIAN says so. I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح
We're not immune. The presidency is already far too powerful. But the true driving force behind it is that people find it very, very difficult to vote, of their own volition, to do what is necessary for the common good. Everybody has self interest, of course, and government must reasonably accomodate individual desires and self-interests. Dictatorships that don't are eventually overthrown. But once you have a republic, more people are happy, but a set of people are still in misery, and when self- interest of the electoral majority runs its course, the result is that the interest of the more to have backs to crack to make their lives better than the overall resources warrant, this leaves those at the bottom in as great, and often greater, misery than ever. Then, there is a larger and larger constituency for somebody to overturn the oligarchy. And when it comes, it comes from the organized military and paramilitary ranks, who are organized, armed, and much closer to the bottom than to the top. Dictators, Emperors and Presidents-for-Life do a better job, for awhile anyway, at addressing the needs of the bottom than democracies do. Why? First, because they're closer to the bottom - army ranks are not filled with middle and upper class people. Second, because they understand that restless and suffering masses are relatively cheap to appease, and offer a wide base of supporters who are angry and resentful of those above them, and thus more likely to support the Emperor. When the students were crushed iin Tiananmen Square, the army initially balked. And so fresh units were called in, from the provinces, military composed of farmer kids who had had hard lives their whole lives and who never had a hope in hell of being as privileged as these protesting students. THEY were perfectly willing to drive their tanks right over the students and gun them down. Of course, once any sort of peace is restored, unless you maintain an absolute reign of terror (which the Kims have managed to do in Korea but nobody else has managed for very long), things settle down to normal economic activity, and those same interests that accumulate money want a say, and gradually, they get it. Eventually they get power. Then they neglect those below them again and the cycle resets. The only way to have stable, permanent anything would be for people to act like Jesus called for people to act. But who really wants to do THAT?
You sound kinda pessimistic. But then, so were the Founders so you're in good company.
TooConservative: Nicely done.
But they never applied that radical thinking to their own states. They created the U.S. Constitution -- a radical document that defined and limited the newly formed federal government only. It would have been very easy to extend the federal Bill of Rights to the states when it was written. The Founders chose not to.
A tip of the hat to Bill Cosby: "Suppose way back in history if you had a referee before every war, and the guy called the toss. Let’s go to the Revolutionary War." "Capt. Hartman of the British, this is Capt. Soble of the settlers. Capt. Soble of the settlers, this is Capt. Hartman of the British. "Call the toss, there, British. British call heads. It's tails. You lose the toss, British; the settlers win. What we do, settlers? All right. The settlers say that during the war, they will wear any color clothes that they want to, shoot from behind the rocks and trees and everywhere; says your team must wear red and march in a straight line."
First, its should be noted that America has always been unique among Republics in all of history. THE "voice" of the American Republic was as unified a nation was ever going to be given its commonality of faith, culture, and Western-European heritage. The genesis and facilitator of THE End of the American Republic has always been the erosion of Judeo-Christian values, i.e., ethics and morality based on Biblical principles and honor. The Secular Humanism rebellion and its hijacking of America via public school and academic indoctrination has gradually unloosened this mooring. The ouster of prayer and God in Public School was THE breaking point. By introducing wide-spread immigration from nations that did not share the Judeo-Christian moral and ethics AND culture also attributed heavily to our demise and full tyranny in the near future. America America was broken by the late 1960s, and now splintered irrevocably. Conveniently now, ONLY a Strong Man (or gubmint) can truly keep this nation of relative mongrels and mutts together. This will sound cliche to Unbelievers, but this Republic -- even America -- was bound to inevitably drift toward chaos, then Tyranny by abandoning God and Bible-based morals and ethics. Most laws are about the HONOR SYSTEM in any case -- meaningless if as according to Secular Himanism, "everything is relative."
Our relative isolation helped but our political system, despite its many flaws, is more resilient than the parliamentary democracies. It's on its Death Bed, Jim. But yes, the Founders were radical. So radical especially in the sense that they eschewed any sniff of creating an American royalty class from which to rule generations like 99% of nations on the planet. Best intentions and execution of a Republic ever. Best laws and protections ever (better late than never on the actual implementation.) Too bad Secular Humanism ruined it in under 200 years.
If that were so, the Republic would have burnt itself out within decade. America was a Judeo-Christian based Republic that was libertarian around the edges. Tough, perilous balancing act, but we'd pulled it off. For about 200 years. We now see just how fragile it was. The Republic is not even a "Republic" any more, the facade of a "representative constitutional republic" exposed as a charade. The "Republic" part of USA is currently trashed and on Life-Support.
They were still Englishmen with all the baggage of the era. At the risk of stating the obvious, they were the richest and most desired colony in the world with unimaginable wealth on the continent. And they instituted a government that entirely lacked a monarch. That alone made them extreme radicals. It is worth mentioning that Cromwell did execute his king, Charles I, (rightfully IMO) and then made himself the Lord Protector (dictator for life) of England and Britain. So that did provide an example well-known to the Founders of rule by non-monarchs but the Founders couldn't have desired to overthrow a tyrant just to replace him with a different tyrant. They wanted an entirely new order, a Novus ordo secularum, a "new order of the ages". And our fiat currency still contains that motto from the Great Seal of the United States. The Founders were very much men of the Enlightenment and very much Englishmen.
We've had great fun from the beginning, ridiculing the Redcoats for behaving according the Euro codes of honor. We consider it much less humorous when guerillas and terrorists refuse to recognize and behave according to the civilized rules of war to which we subscribe. Like when they use car bombs and IEDs against our troops when they are in foreign countries. Funny when we do it, not so much when others do it to our soldiers. But there is the advantage of insurgencies.
Forbidding titles was wise. Placing a high bar to prove treason was another notable contrast with the European monarchies. There were many features of the early Republic that showed how aware they were that the monarchies of Europe, even in countries like England with a parliament, were quite corrupt and easily brushed aside.
It ain't over until we say it's over. And it ain't over. We were just saved from Hitlery's reign of terror by the electoral college that the Founders implemented. Nope, it ain't over by any means.
Upupupupupupup.... "Many"?? No. Some noted ones? Yes. They DID however subscribe to Biblical principles. IOW, Jesus presented as only a moral teacher and philosopher. Yes. To the few Founders (The usual suspects: Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, etal.) who were purely Deists.
Simply the evolution of war. WWII did not use the trench warfare tactics of WWI. Guerilla warfare is not war. Where are the uniforms, for example? Any combatant out of uniform receives no protection from the Geneva Convention.
Neither illegal, immoral, or unethical. UNLESS ABUSED, like many things. Washington wasn't his customers' babysitter.
There were many features of the early Republic that showed how aware they were that the monarchies of Europe, even in countries like England with a parliament, were quite corrupt and easily brushed aside. Nicely explained.
We were just saved from Hitlery's reign of terror by the electoral college that the Founders implemented. Ok. Technically we have a temporary respite. Trump is the blood transfusion phase of the Republic, that's all. The die is cast, Jim. We're on life support until a Democrat wins the WH. And then all hell breaks loose and we get a Hitlery in everything but name.
What part of "warfare" did you miss?
You're dumb. The Geneva convention doesn't protect anyone. In war you kill the enemy any way you want to.
Achmed laughs at your fancy-ass Geneva Convention. So does his cousin, Abdul. And their 15 sons, all named Mohammad.
But they never applied that radical thinking to their own states. --- They created the U.S. Constitution -- a radical document that defined and limited the newly formed federal government only. It would have been very easy to extend the federal Bill of Rights to the states when it was written. The Founders chose not to. ---- misterwhite It mystifying why misterwhite insists that the Constitution only applied to the feds, -- when the supremacy clause clearly says the opposite. The only reason that makes any bit of logical sense, -- is that white/paulsen WANTS States to have the power to legislate morality, -- to be able to infringe upon our basic rights to guns, booze, etc... Not that such a power is truly logical, -- it's a socialistic dream.. Comments?
You're a dumb ass. Do you want murder to be legal?
The only reason that makes any bit of logical sense, -- is that white/paulsen WANTS States to have the power to legislate morality, -- to be able to infringe upon our basic rights to guns, booze, etc... Not that such a power is truly logical, -- it's a socialistic dream.. Comments? tpaine posted on 2018-01-27 12:04:10 ET Reply Trace Private Reply Edit #97. To: tpaine (#96) You're a dumb ass. Do you want murder to be legal? Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding?
Or that the courts should not apply the Bill of Rights to foreigners. We hear that a good bit. I personally don't like it but either we "are endowed by their [our] Creator with certain unalienable Rights" or we aren't. And that applies to anyone on U.S. soil.
Perhaps because of your constant claim that "the power to legislate morality" isn't so (at least in the context of American Law.) AND because murder is a matter of morality made illegal through Constiutional Law, the Bill of Rights, and/or legislation. Otherwise, yes, there ARE many who would indeed murder as a matter of "TCOB."
He's trying to revisit the points he was making yesterday. The thread has grown a lot and wandered a bit since then.
Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding? Answer the question I posed, Then you will receive your answer.
Yes this is what prompted my response.
Murder is wrong regardless of any government decree or legislation. Even someone who is an atheist knows that it's wrong. Yet the government allows murder in certain situations - such as abortion. That's because libtards have legally defined (via court case law) that life isn't life until It reaches a certain age or development... JUST LIKE YOU DO WITH CALLING ADDICTION A DISEASE. You libtards get your way by calling unborn babies, non life, illegals undocumented and injecting heroin in your arm a disease. Are you getting it yet, closet libtard? Yellow or fake news and propaganda is why WE ARE MOVING LEFT. You are part of the problem. I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح
Or allow 0bama to send his robot drones to bomb civilian weddings if they thought there was a chance a terror suspect might be there. And then circle back around to bomb it again when locals came to help the victims. For that matter, in wars like Iraq where we have invaded a country for no good reason, we kill anyone who opposes us. Yet we have not declared a war and can provide no casus belli that we would recognize if some other country did the same thing to us. And the Founders did warn us against such wars, as well as presidents like Ike who warned of the military-industrial complex. And now, friends and countrymen, if the wise and learned philosophers of the elder world, the first observers of nutation and aberration, the discoverers of maddening ether and invisible planets, the inventors of Congreve rockets and Shrapnel shells, should find their hearts disposed to enquire what has America done for the benefit of mankind? Let our answer be this: America, with the same voice which spoke herself into existence as a nation, proclaimed to mankind the inextinguishable rights of human nature, and the only lawful foundations of government. America, in the assembly of nations, since her admission among them, has invariably, though often fruitlessly, held forth to them the hand of honest friendship, of equal freedom, of generous reciprocity. She has uniformly spoken among them, though often to heedless and often to disdainful ears, the language of equal liberty, of equal justice, and of equal rights. She has, in the lapse of nearly half a century, without a single exception, respected the independence of other nations while asserting and maintaining her own. She has abstained from interference in the concerns of others, even when conflict has been for principles to which she clings, as to the last vital drop that visits the heart. She has seen that probably for centuries to come, all the contests of that Aceldama the European world, will be contests of inveterate power, and emerging right. Wherever the standard of freedom and Independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will her heart, her benedictions and her prayers be. But she goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own. She will commend the general cause by the countenance of her voice, and the benignant sympathy of her example. She well knows that by once enlisting under other banners than her own, were they even the banners of foreign independence, she would involve herself beyond the power of extrication, in all the wars of interest and intrigue, of individual avarice, envy, and ambition, which assume the colors and usurp the standard of freedom. The fundamental maxims of her policy would insensibly change from liberty to force.... She might become the dictatress of the world. She would be no longer the ruler of her own spirit.... [America's] glory is not dominion, but liberty. Her march is the march of the mind. She has a spear and a shield: but the motto upon her shield is, Freedom, Independence, Peace. This has been her Declaration: this has been, as far as her necessary intercourse with the rest of mankind would permit, her practice. That darned John Q. Adams sounds kind of like a ... libertarian. Needless to say, quoting Adams infuriates the neocon element.
Answer the question I posed, Then you will receive your answer. No, murder should not be legal, because everyone has a right to life. Our right to life is not a question of morality or religious beliefs.. Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding? (By the way, an extended answer is at; --- https://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=54377 --- )
Yes this is what prompted my response. --- A K A Stone And your comment? -- Do you agree with misterwhite?
Our right to life is not a question of morality or religious beliefs.. Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding? Yes you are correct. It would be immoral. So obviously should be and is illegal.
Comments (110 - 148) not displayed.
Top • Page Up • Full Thread • Page Down • Bottom/LatestI think Trump is finding out that his power is greatly exaggerated.
#71. To: GrandIsland (#70)
#72. To: tpaine (#71)
I support Trump.
#73. To: GrandIsland (#72)
That wasn't my point...
#74. To: tpaine (#73)
Most of the time, youre incapable of making a valid point, and don't even know it...
#75. To: Tooconservative (#68)
The end of republics is typically that the voice of the people becomes the voice of The Person. In other words, things drift toward demanding to be ruled by a tyrant.
#76. To: Vicomte13, tpaine (#75)
#77. To: Tooconservative (#66)
Vicomte13:
The point: the English were more poorly educated and intellectually inferior to their American adversaries. They were incapable of independent action, and limited by the abilities of their officers. And it showed both in the development of American government FROM THE BEGINNING (in the 1620s) all the way forward. America, at least New England, was the far more educated place in 1776 than England. The English in England were very much like the South: they had an educated and elite gentry, but the average Englishman was as dumb as dirt.
It didn't take that much education to know that it was easier and safer to hide behind trees and play sniper to terrorize the Redcoats and reduce their numbers. The Brit officers complained bitterly about those dishonorable rebels. Those darned colonists refused to follow the European code of honor for soldiers where the two armies were expected to dutifully line up in the open wearing colorful livery and allow the enemy to take clean shots at them with flintlocks and cannon shot. Anything else was cowardice. That little tradition cost the Brits very dearly. I don't think they ever recovered their morale.
#78. To: Tooconservative (#55)
I'll repeat my point: the Founders were far and away the most radical political thinkers of the entire Enlightenment era.
#79. To: Tooconservative (#66)
#80. To: Tooconservative, Vicomte13 (#68)
The end of republics is typically that the voice of the people becomes the voice of The Person. In other words, things drift toward demanding to be ruled by a tyrant.
#81. To: Tooconservative, Vicomte13, misterwhite (#55)
(Edited)
I'll repeat my point: the Founders were far and away the most radical political thinkers of the entire Enlightenment era. And their republic endures today, well over two centuries later, something you can't say for other democratic countries (excepting Britain)....
#82. To: A K A Stone (#0)
Libertarians are still trying to claim the American Founding as theirs.
#83. To: misterwhite, Vicomte13 (#78)
But they never applied that radical thinking to their own states.
They created the U.S. Constitution -- a radical document that defined and limited the newly formed federal government only. It would have been very easy to extend the federal Bill of Rights to the states when it was written. The Founders chose not to.
#84. To: misterwhite (#79)
What we do, settlers? All right. The settlers say that during the war, they will wear any color clothes that they want to, shoot from behind the rocks and trees and everywhere; says your team must wear red and march in a straight line."
#85. To: Liberator, tpaine, A K A Stone, sneakypete (#80)
The Secular Humanism rebellion and its hijacking of America via public school and academic indoctrination has gradually unloosened this mooring. The ouster of prayer and God in Public School was THE breaking point. By introducing wide-spread immigration from nations that did not share the Judeo-Christian moral and ethics AND culture also attributed heavily to our demise and full tyranny in the near future.
Many key Founders were Deists and did not subscribe to traditional Christian theology. Look sometime at the Jefferson bible for an example. He cut/pasted NT passages into his own bible, one that eliminated all references to Jesus as divine and all miracles. IOW, Jesus presented as only a moral teacher and philosopher. People like to talk about Jefferson and the Declaration (which he did plagiarize from a letter circulating among rebellious Presbyterians) but they don't like to recall the Jefferson bible. Similarly they love that story about George Washington chopping down that cherry tree but they really don't like for anyone to mention that George Washington was also very wealthy because he was the biggest distiller of whiskey in North America, a regular peddler of the demon rum.
#86. To: Liberator (#81)
But yes, the Founders were radical. So radical especially in the sense that they eschewed any sniff of creating an American royalty class from which to rule generations like 99% of nations on the planet.
#87. To: Liberator (#82)
We now see just how fragile it was. The Republic is not even a "Republic" any more, the facade of a "representative constitutional republic" exposed as a charade. The "Republic" part of USA is currently trashed and on Life-Support.
#88. To: Tooconservative (#85)
Many key Founders were Deists and did not subscribe to traditional Christian theology....
#89. To: Tooconservative (#84)
We've had great fun from the beginning, ridiculing the Redcoats for behaving according the Euro codes of honor.
#90. To: Tooconservative (#85)
...They really don't like for anyone to mention that George Washington was also very wealthy because he was the biggest distiller of whiskey in North America, a regular peddler of the demon rum.
#91. To: Tooconservative (#86)
Forbidding titles was wise. Placing a high bar to prove treason was another notable contrast with the European monarchies.
#92. To: Tooconservative (#87)
It ain't over until we say it's over. And it ain't over.
#93. To: misterwhite (#89)
Guerilla warfare is not war.
#94. To: misterwhite (#89)
Guerilla warfare is not war. Where are the uniforms, for example? Any combatant out of uniform receives no protection from the Geneva Convention.
#95. To: misterwhite (#89)
Any combatant out of uniform receives no protection from the Geneva Convention.
#96. To: Tooconservative, y'all, whitepaulsen (#83)
Tooconservative (#55) --- I'll repeat my point: the Founders were far and away the most radical political thinkers of the entire Enlightenment era.
#97. To: tpaine (#96)
#98. To: A K A Stone, yall (#97)
It's mystifying why misterwhite insists that the Constitution only applied to the feds, -- when the supremacy clause clearly says the opposite.
#99. To: tpaine (#96)
It mystifying why misterwhite insists that the Constitution only applied to the feds, -- when the supremacy clause clearly says the opposite.
#100. To: tpaine, A K A Stone (#98)
Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding?
#101. To: tpaine (#98)
Can anyone here explain why A K A Stone could conceivably imagine that his remark above has any relationship to my post preceding?
#102. To: tpaine (#98)
You're a dumb ass. Do you want murder to be legal?
#103. To: Tooconservative (#99)
s that white/paulsen WANTS States to have the power to legislate morality, -- to be able to infringe upon our basic rights
#104. To: Liberator, tpaine, A K A Stone (#100)
...murder is a matter of morality made illegal through Constiutional Law, the Bill of Rights, and/or legislation.
“Truth is treason in the empire of lies.” - Ron Paul
Those who most loudly denounce Fake News are typically those most aggressively disseminating it.
#105. To: Deckard (#104)
Yet the government allows murder in certain situations - such as abortion.
#106. To: Deckard, A K A Stone, tpaine, Liberator, Vicomte13 (#104)
(Edited)
Yet the government allows murder in certain situations - such as abortion.
Warning Against the Search for "Monsters to Destroy," 1821
John Quincy Adams
#107. To: A K A Stone, yall (#102)
Do you want murder to be legal?
#108. To: A K A Stone (#103)
-- white/paulsen WANTS States to have the power to legislate morality, -- to be able to infringe upon our basic rights.
#109. To: tpaine (#107)
No, murder should not be legal, because everyone has a right to life.
.
.
.
[Home] [Headlines] [Latest Articles] [Latest Comments] [Post] [Mail] [Sign-in] [Setup] [Help] [Register]