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See other United States News Articles

Title: University of California, Janet Napolitano v DHS, DACA Complaint
Source: [None]
URL Source: [None]
Published: Sep 14, 2017
Author: nolu chan
Post Date: 2017-09-14 18:33:55 by nolu chan
Keywords: None
Views: 3045
Comments: 20

University of California, Janet Napolitano v DHS, DACA Complaint

nolu chan
September 14, 2017

http://universityofcalifornia.edu/sites/default/files/UC-DACA-Complaint.pdf

University of California v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, CAND 3-17-cv-05211, Doc 1, (8 Sep 2017), COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

Plaintiffs are The Regents of the University of California, and Janet Napolitano, in her official capacity as President of the University of California.

1. This lawsuit, brought under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706, challenges Defendants’ unlawful decision to rescind the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (“DACA”) program, which protected from deportation nearly 800,000 individuals brought to this country as children, known as Dreamers. Under DACA, the Dreamers, who came to the United States through no choice of their own, who have clean records, and who have lived continuously in the United States since 2007, were permitted to live, work, and study in this country without fear of deportation. The United States, and the University, have benefited enormously from the presence of the Dreamers, accomplished young men and women who are our students, and colleagues, and neighbors. They are Americans, a fact that Defendants’ precipitous decision cannot change.

There are only two paths to American citizenship:

  • a natural born citizen, one who becomes a citizen at birth.

  • a naturalized citizen

protected from deportation nearly 800,000 individuals brought to this country as children, known as Dreamers ILLEGAL ALIENS.

There, fixed it.

From the DACA implementing memorandum of June 15, 2012, by none other than then-DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano herself,

This memorandum confers no substantive right, immigration status or pathway to citizenship. Only Congress, acting through its legislative authority, can confer these rights.

All DACA-eligible persons were/are illegal aliens.

None is a natural born citizen of the United States.

Whether they evaded immigration officials altogether, or overstayed a lawful but time-limited visa, they are not lawfully present in the country.

https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/immigration-terms-and-definitions-involving-aliens

Illegal Alien

Also known as an "Undocumented Alien," is an alien who has entered the United States illegally and is deportable if apprehended, or an alien who entered the United States legally but who has fallen "out of status" and is deportable.

Whether the illegal alien never had status, or has fallen out of status, the only legal path available to attain lawful status is to exit and return lawfully (or some special action by Congress to cange the law).

Those who evaded immigration officials enjoy no municipal status. As a legal fiction, for immigration purposes, they are not considered to have entered the country. The only thing they can do to attain status is to leave the country and return legally.

To be eligible for naturalization one must be:

  • an alien

  • lawfully present in the United States

Persons not lawfully present in the United States are not eligible for naturalization. Normally, aliens lawfully present can petition for naturalization. In her DACA implementing memorandum, Ms. Napolitano recognized that it would take legislative authority to confer immigration status or a pathway to citizenship for these illegal aliens. It is because they are illegal aliens, and have no lawful status, that current law provides them no pathway to United States citizenship.

As Ms. Napolitano documented with her DACA implementing memo. neither she nor the President of the United States had the authority to convert aliens, unlawfully present in the United States, into United States citizens, or to grant or regulate their immigration status.

They are Americans, a fact that Defendants’ precipitous decision cannot change.

They may be Americans in the generic sense of being citizens of someplace in North or South America other than the United States of America.

The apparent, and deceptive nature of the statement to imply that these illegal aliens are of the United States of America, is but a lie. By the very terms of the DACA policy, they must be from a foreign country.

RELATED:

http://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=52708

Trump Illegal Alien Executive Orders - Follow the Litigation Bouncing Ball

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Begin Trace Mode for Comment # 18.

#12. To: All (#0)

http://law.justia.com/codes/us/2015/title-8/chapter-12/subchapter-ii/part-v/sec.-1255/

2015 US Code
Title 8 - Aliens and Nationality (Sections 1 - 1778)
Chapter 12 - Immigration and Nationality (Sections 1101 - 1537)
Subchapter II - Immigration (Sections 1151 - 1381)
Part V - Adjustment and Change of Status (Sections 1251 - 1260)

Sec. 1255 - Adjustment of status of nonimmigrant to that of person admitted for permanent residence

(c) Alien crewmen, aliens continuing or accepting unauthorized employment, and aliens admitted in transit without visa

Other than an alien having an approved petition for classification as a VAWA self-petitioner, subsection (a) shall not be applicable to (1) an alien crewman; (2) subject to subsection (k), an alien (other than an immediate relative as defined in section 1151(b) of this title or a special immigrant described in section 1101(a)(27)(H), (I), (J), or (K) of this title) who hereafter continues in or accepts unauthorized employment prior to filing an application for adjustment of status or who is in unlawful immigration status on the date of filing the application for adjustment of status or who has failed (other than through no fault of his own or for technical reasons) to maintain continuously a lawful status since entry into the United States; (3) any alien admitted in transit without visa under section 1182(d)(4)(C) of this title; (4) an alien (other than an immediate relative as defined in section 1151(b) of this title) who was admitted as a nonimmigrant visitor without a visa under section 1182(l) of this title or section 1187 of this title; (5) an alien who was admitted as a nonimmigrant described in section 1101(a)(15)(S) of this title,1 (6) an alien who is deportable under section 1227(a)(4)(B) of this title; (7) any alien who seeks adjustment of status to that of an immigrant under section 1153(b) of this title and is not in a lawful nonimmigrant status; or (8) any alien who was employed while the alien was an unauthorized alien, as defined in section 1324a(h)(3) of this title, or who has otherwise violated the terms of a nonimmigrant visa.

[...]

(i) Adjustment in status of certain aliens physically present in United States

(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of this section, an alien physically present in the United States—

(A) who—

(i) entered the United States without inspection; or

(ii) is within one of the classes enumerated in subsection (c) of this section;

(B) who is the beneficiary (including a spouse or child of the principal alien, if eligible to receive a visa under section 1153(d) of this title) of—

(i) a petition for classification under section 1154 of this title that was filed with the Attorney General on or before April 30, 2001; or

(ii) an application for a labor certification under section 1182(a)(5)(A) of this title that was filed pursuant to the regulations of the Secretary of Labor on or before such date; and

(C) who, in the case of a beneficiary of a petition for classification, or an application for labor certification, described in subparagraph (B) that was filed after January 14, 1998, is physically present in the United States on December 21, 2000;

may apply to the Attorney General for the adjustment of his or her status to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. The Attorney General may accept such application only if the alien remits with such application a sum equaling $1,000 as of the date of receipt of the application, but such sum shall not be required from a child under the age of seventeen, or an alien who is the spouse or unmarried child of an individual who obtained temporary or permanent resident status under section 1160 or 1255a of this title or section 202 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 at any date, who—

(i) as of May 5, 1988, was the unmarried child or spouse of the individual who obtained temporary or permanent resident status under section 1160 or 1255a of this title or section 202 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986;

(ii) entered the United States before May 5, 1988, resided in the United States on May 5, 1988, and is not a lawful permanent resident; and

(iii) applied for benefits under section 301(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990. The sum specified herein shall be in addition to the fee normally required for the processing of an application under this section.

(2) Upon receipt of such an application and the sum hereby required, the Attorney General may adjust the status of the alien to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if—

(A) the alien is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence; and

(B) an immigrant visa is immediately available to the alien at the time the application is filed.

(3)(A) The portion of each application fee (not to exceed $200) that the Attorney General determines is required to process an application under this section and is remitted to the Attorney General pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be disposed of by the Attorney General as provided in subsections (m), (n), and (o) of section 1356 of this title.

(B) Any remaining portion of such fees remitted under such paragraphs shall be deposited by the Attorney General into the Breached Bond/Detention Fund established under section 1356(r) of this title, except that in the case of fees attributable to applications for a beneficiary with respect to whom a petition for classification, or an application for labor certification, described in paragraph (1)(B) was filed after January 14, 1998, one-half of such remaining portion shall be deposited by the Attorney General into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account established under section 1356(m) of this title.

nolu chan  posted on  2017-09-14   18:52:55 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#13. To: nolu chan (#12)

Wow, that's a lot of reading.

I gather that DACA is now suspended with no new applications or renewals being issued for at least six months. DAPA is dead, killed by the states and courts. The expansion of DACA is equally dead since it was a backdoor amnesty.

I notice you seem to be emphasizing the need for illegal aliens to leave the country before they can ever be considered for any kind of green card (resident alien) or citizenship status. U.S. statutes seem inflexible on any grant of a pathway to citizenship or a (resident alien) green card as long as the illegal alien is unlawfully present in the States or its territorial possessions.

Anyway, you are obviously pursuing some larger point. Maybe you should just tell us what that is.     : )

Tooconservative  posted on  2017-09-14   19:22:42 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#14. To: Tooconservative (#13)

I notice you seem to be emphasizing the need for illegal aliens to leave the country before they can ever be considered for any kind of green card (resident alien) or citizenship status. U.S. statutes seem inflexible on any grant of a pathway to citizenship or a (resident alien) green card as long as the illegal alien is unlawfully present in the States or its territorial possessions.

Anyway, you are obviously pursuing some larger point. Maybe you should just tell us what that is.

The law seems pretty clear and the DAPA courts did not mince any words about it. I believe the Court will annihilate DACA. With Gorsuch, there will be no 4-4 tie.

I just put the info out for those who want to look at it, or to use it as a future reference as events unfurl.

nolu chan  posted on  2017-09-14   19:44:17 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#15. To: nolu chan (#14)

The law seems pretty clear and the DAPA courts did not mince any words about it. I believe the Court will annihilate DACA. With Gorsuch, there will be no 4-4 tie.

Yeah but didn't the states, led by Texas, back off on their DACA challenge on September 1 after Trump gave himself a six-month extension of it (without renewals or new applications)?

So I'm not aware that the multistate lawsuit against DACA is still active. Perhaps you have other info?

Anyway, I wasn't complaining about your posts and recognized the work you were putting into them. I just wanted to have some idea of why you were going to that much work for what seems to me to be a mostly-dead issue of the states going after DACA with the Court.

Personally, I'd like the states to carry through against DACA as they threatened. Trump didn't do anything substantive about it so they should act. It would likely take months for them to get any action anyway.

Tooconservative  posted on  2017-09-14   19:59:13 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#16. To: Tooconservative (#15)

So I'm not aware that the multistate lawsuit against DACA is still active. Perhaps you have other info?

That something is coming through the pipeline may be gauged by the volume and pitch of the liberal squeal, and the intensity of filing what is reminiscent of birther lawsuits. Only there, they have the wildly liberal left coast courts to pass this junk up to SCOTUS.

The case brought by Hawaii resulted in a nationwide injunction against Trump's Executive Orders. Trump had to wait for Gorsuch to be seated. The pipeline is jammed with Dem lawsuits. The SCOTUS killing of the injunction did not end the case. On October 10th, the U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear the case on the merits.

Note that on April 10, fourteen states and the Governor of Mississippi entered appearance in the Ninth Circuit as amici curiae. On June 26, the Supreme Court agreed to hear this case and consolidated it with IRAP v. Trump, the analogous case from the District of Maryland. And 165 members of Congress filed amici appearances. I have posted a history of the case below.

It is really about presidential power over immigration. These cases, and DACA/DAPA, are interrelated.

Congress hates to make decisions and be responsible for them. They are happy to make the Executive responsible. The breadth of power given to the President, over immigration and alien entry, is little short of plenary.

http://law.justia.com/codes/us/2015/title-8/chapter-12/subchapter-ii/part-ii/sec.-1182/

2015 US Code
Title 8 - Aliens and Nationality (Sections 1 - 1778)
Chapter 12 - Immigration and Nationality (Sections 1101 - 1537)
Subchapter II - Immigration (Sections 1151 - 1381)
Part II - Admission Qualifications for Aliens; Travel Control of Citizens and Aliens (Sections 1181 - 1189)

Sec. 1182 - Inadmissible aliens

8 U.S.C. 1182(f)

(f) Suspension of entry or imposition of restrictions by President

Whenever the President finds that the entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens into the United States would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, he may by proclamation, and for such period as he shall deem necessary, suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens as immigrants or nonimmigrants, or impose on the entry of aliens any restrictions he may deem to be appropriate. Whenever the Attorney General finds that a commercial airline has failed to comply with regulations of the Attorney General relating to requirements of airlines for the detection of fraudulent documents used by passengers traveling to the United States (including the training of personnel in such detection), the Attorney General may suspend the entry of some or all aliens transported to the United States by such airline.

If the President has the power to restrict entry by Syrians for such period as he deems necessary, for whatever reason he deems necessary, then he equally has the power to restrict the entry of Mexicans, or South and Central Americans, as he deems necessary.

He does not need to establish the principle against Mexico, he can establish it against the worst of the worst. The statute makes the President the sole judge of a necessity, his discretionary power extends to all aliens or any class of aliens, and the nature of the restrictions are at his discretion.

http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2017/03/30/17-15589%203-29%20DC%20order.pdf

Hawaii v. Trump, HIDC 17-cv-00050, Doc 270, 29 Mar 2017

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Convert Temporary Restraining Order to A Preliminary Injunction is hereby GRANTED.

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

It is hereby ADJUDGED, ORDERED, and DECREED that:

Defendants and all their respective officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and persons in active concert or participation with them, are hereby enjoined from enforcing or implementing Sections 2 and 6 of the Executive Order across the Nation. Enforcement of these provisions in all places, including the United States, at all United States borders and ports of entry, and in the issuance of visas is prohibited, pending further orders from this Court. No security bond is required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c). The Court declines to stay this ruling or hold it in abeyance should an appeal of this order be filed.

The 9th Circuit filed a per curiam opinion.

http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/uploads/general/cases_of_interest/17-15589%20per%20curiam%20opinion.pdf

OPINION1

PER CURIAM:

We are asked to delineate the statutory and constitutional limits to the President’s power to control immigration in this appeal of the district court’s order preliminarily enjoining two sections of Executive Order 13780 (“EO2” or “the Order”), “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.” The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) gives the President broad powers to control the entry of aliens, and to take actions to protect the American public. But immigration, even for the President, is not a one-person show. The President’s authority is subject to certain statutory and constitutional restraints. We conclude that the President, in issuing the Executive Order, exceeded the scope of the authority delegated to him by Congress. In suspending the entry of more than 180 million nationals from six countries, suspending the entry of all refugees, and reducing the cap on the admission of refugees from 110,000 to 50,000 for the 2017 fiscal year, the President did not meet the essential precondition to exercising his delegated authority: The President must make a sufficient finding that the entry of these classes of people would be “detrimental to the interests of the United States.” Further, the Order runs afoul of other provisions of the INA that prohibit nationality-based discrimination and require the President to follow a specific process when setting the annual cap on the admission of refugees. On these statutory bases, we affirm in large part the district court’s order preliminarily enjoining Sections 2 and 6 of the Executive Order.

SCOTUS DOCKET:

https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17a275.html

SCOTUS just stepped in and squashed the 9th Circuit mandate:

Sep 12, 2017

The application for stay of mandate presented to Justice Kennedy and by him referred to the Court is granted, and the issuance of the mandate of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in case No. 17-16426 is stayed with respect to refugees covered by a formal assurance, pending further order of this Court.

SCOTUS buried the pre-appeal hearing mandate of the 9th Circuit. The hearing before SCOTUS remains on schedule. The probability is that it will drive a dagger through the heart of the resistance campaign.

https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=15626

State of Hawaii v. Trump — IM-HI-0004
Docket / Court — 1:17-cv-00050 ( D. Haw. ) State/Territory — Hawaii
Case Type(s) — Immigration
Presidential Authority
Special Collection — Civil Rights Challenges to Trump Refugee/Visa Order
Attorney Organization — American Immigration Council's Legal Action Center
National Immigration Law Center
Northwest Immigrant Rights Project (NWIRP)
Southern Poverty Law Center

Case Summary

Hawaii Attorney General Douglas S. Chin filed this lawsuit on Feb. 3, 2017 against President Trump’s Jan. 27, 2017 Executive Order barring legal immigrants, visitors, and refugees from seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the US and barring Syrian refugees indefinitely. The State filed a concurrent complaint and motion for a temporary restraining order in the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii.

The complaint argued that Hawaii has an interest in protecting “its residents, its employers, its educational institutions, and its sovereignty against illegal actions of President Donald J. Trump.” The complaint noted that Hawaii is the nation’s most ethnically-diverse state, and that the Executive Order is tearing apart families and wounding Hawaii’s economic institutions. The complaint alleged that the EO violates the First Amendment Establishment Clause, Fifth Amendment equal protection and due process rights, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Hawaii sought declaratory and injunctive relief; it asked the court to enjoin defendants nationwide from barring entry into the U.S. of immigrants and nonimmigrants pursuant to the executive order.

The case was assigned to Judge Derrick K. Watson. A hearing on the temporary restraining order motion was set for Feb. 8, 2017. However, on Feb. 6, the federal government filed an emergency motion to stay all deadlines pending resolution of the appellate proceedings regarding the nationwide injunction against the Executive Order previously entered in another case, Washington v. Trump. That same day, Hawaii filed a memorandum in opposition to the federal government's emergency motion to stay. On Feb. 7, the court granted the federal government's motion in part: all pending deadlines and the hearing set for Feb. 8 were vacated, and the matter was stayed as long as the Washington v. Trump TRO remained in place. All further requested relief was denied; a written order setting forth the Court's reasoning was entered Feb. 9.

On Feb. 8, Hawaii sought permission to file an amended complaint notwithstanding the stay of proceedings; on Feb. 13, Judge Watson granted that motion, and on Feb. 14, the state filed an amended complaint.

On Feb. 15, the court lifted the stay for the limited purpose of allowing parties to file Motions to Appear Pro Hac Vice, Notices of Appearance, and Applications to Practice. The court granted a number of these motions on Feb. 23. The stay order otherwise remained in place.

On Mar. 6, prompted by adverse developments in the Washington v. Trump case in the 9th Circuit, the President rescinded the Jan. 27 Executive Order and replaced it with a narrower one, Executive Order 13780. On the same day, the federal government filed notice in this case of the new EO. The new EO covered all the same countries, except Iraq, but left out lawful permanent residents and existing visa holders. For others would-be travelers and immigrants, it banned entry into the United States but set up a case-by-case waiver process.

On Mar. 7, the plaintiffs in this case filed a motion to resume litigation, and to file a Second Amended Complaint. The plaintiffs attached a copy of their proposed Second Amended Complaint and proposed motion seeking a temporary restraining order (TRO) as exhibits. The State of Hawaii's Second Amended Complaint alleged that "the second Executive Order is infected with the same legal problems as the first Order," namely, that it violated the First and Fifth Amendments along with the INA and APA. Hawaii also argued that the new EO violated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Hawaii's proposed TRO requested that the court enjoin sections 2 (suspension of entry for nationals of the six Muslim-majority countries) and 6 (suspension of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program) of the new EO.

On Mar. 8, the court allowed litigation to resume and gave the plaintiffs permission to file the Second Amended Complaint and motion for TRO. The court then issued a notice of hearing for the plaintiffs' TRO, set for Mar. 15. The defendants' Opposition brief was to be due Mar. 13 and the plaintiffs' Reply by Mar. 14.

On Mar. 10, a number of parties, including many civil rights advocacy groups, filed their appearance in the suit. A number of parties also filed amici briefs and appearances. Additionally on Mar. 10, Magistrate Judge Kenneth J. Mansfield recused himself. The case was reassigned to Magistrate Judge Kevin S.C. Chang.

On Mar. 13, the U.S. filed a memorandum in opposition to the TRO. The federal government's memorandum argued that Hawaii's claims were nonjusticiable because their alleged injuries were speculative and no individual they sought to protect was in imminent danger of being denied entry. The federal government also argued that the changes to the Executive Order foreclosed Hawaii's claims on the merits and eliminated any occasion to consider emergency relief.

From Mar. 10 to Mar. 15, the court granted permission for a number of organizations to file amicus briefs, and to many news organizations to cover the Mar. 15 TRO hearing.

On Mar. 15, the District Court heard oral argument on the plaintiffs' motion for a temporary restraining order. The court granted the motion on the same day, enjoining the defendants nationwide from enforcing or implementing Sections 2 and 6 of the new Executive Order. Specifically, the court found that the plaintiffs had met their burden of establishing a strong likelihood of success on the merits of their Establishment Clause claim, that irreparable injury is likely if the requested relief is not issued, and that the balance of the equities and public interest counsel in favor of granting the requested relief.

This was the first nationwide injunction of the new Executive Order.

On Mar. 17, the federal government moved for a clarification of the TRO. The federal government noted that the court had enjoined Sections 2 and 6 in their entirety, even though many of the provisions within those sections were not specifically addressed by the plaintiffs' motion. The court denied this motion on Mar. 19, noting that in asking whether the court intended to apply a TRO to Sections 2 and 6 in their entirety, the DOJ "asks the Court to make a distinction that the Federal Defendants' previous briefs and arguments never did...there is nothing unclear about the scope of the Court's order."

On Mar. 21, the plaintiffs filed a motion, along with accompanying declarations, to convert the temporary restraining order into a preliminary injunction. The plaintiffs argued that the standards for a preliminary injunction and a TRO are "substantially identical," and that the Court has already held that the plaintiffs satisfied each of the grounds for issuance of a preliminary injunction. The DOJ filed a memorandum in opposition to this conversion on Mar. 24, arguing that, should any injunctive relief be granted at all, that relief should be limited to Section 2(c) (the 90-day suspension-of-entry provision) of the new EO, because the plaintiffs' alleged injury stemmed only from Section 2(c). The DOJ further argued that the plaintiffs did not even have standing to challenge Sections 6(a) or 6(b), as they could not show a concrete and particularized injury stemming from the provisions within those sections. On Mar. 25, the plaintiff filed its response to the DOJ's memo.

On Mar. 28, the court approved a number of news organizations for media coverage of the TRO conversion motion.

On Mar. 29, the court heard oral arguments on the plaintiffs' motion to convert the TRO into a preliminary injunction. On the same day, the court granted the motion and enjoined Sections 2 and 6 of the Executive Order across the nation. On Mar. 30, the DOJ filed notice of appeal.

On Apr. 3, the parties filed a joint motion to suspend district court proceedings pending resolution of the DOJ's appeal. The court granted this motion on the same day, and ordered the parties to submit, within fourteen days of the final disposition of appellate proceedings, a joint status report proposing the schedule for any further proceedings in the matter.

The matter thus moved entirely to the Ninth Circuit. On Apr. 3, the Ninth Circuit granted the DOJ's motion to expedite the briefing and consideration of the merits of the preliminary injunction appeal, and set the hearing for May 15.

On Apr. 6, the Ali v. Trump plaintiffs filed a motion to intervene in the appellate proceedings for this case.

On Apr. 7, the DOJ moved in the Ninth Circuit for a stay of the district court's injunction pending the Ninth Circuit appeal.

On Apr. 10, fourteen states and the Governor of Mississippi entered appearance in the Ninth Circuit as amici curiae.

On Apr. 11, the States sought an initial hearing en banc (rather than before an ordinary three-judge panel) in light of the "exceptional importance" of the issues at stake, and in light of the Fourth Circuit having just granted initial en banc review in International Refugee Assistant Project v. Trump, which considers a similar challenge to the same Executive Order.

On Apr. 12, the DOJ filed a response opposing the Ali v. Trump petitioners' Apr. 6 motion to intervene in the appellate proceedings.

On Apr. 14, the plaintiffs from Doe v. Trump filed a motion to intervene. The government opposed this motion on Apr. 19.

From Apr. 19 - May 10, a number of amici curiae filed their appearances, including 165 members of Congress.

On Apr. 21, the court rejected the request for initial en banc proceedings; the case would be decided, first, by a three-judge panel. (One judge had requested a vote on whether to hear the initial hearing en banc before a limited en banc court, and another judge had requested a vote on whether to hear the initial hearing en banc before the full court.)

Also on Apr. 21, the court denied the Ali and Doe plaintiffs' motions to intervene, finding that their interests could be adequately pursued through their respective cases, Ali v. Trump and Doe v. Trump. The court noted that the Ali and Doe plaintiffs could still file briefs as amici curiae in this case.

On Apr. 28, the DOJ filed its reply brief reasserting that the nationwide injunction was improper. The DOJ requested that, at minimum, the court grant a partial stay of the injunction insofar is it extends beyond particular individuals as to whom the plaintiffs have made a showing of cognizable and irreparable injury.

On May 15, a three-judge panel consisting of Judges Michael Hawkins, Ronald Gould, and Richard Paez heard oral argument on the district court's nationwide preliminary injunction enjoining enforcement of Sections 2 and 6 of the second Executive Order.

On May 24, the court gave the plaintiffs leave to supplement the appellate record with an additional declaration from the University of Hawaii. Hawaii's declaration provided further details regarding the specific number of prospective students whose ability to obtain visas and matriculate at the university will be impeded as a result of the Executive Order. On May 25, the defendants responded to the plaintiffs' motion to supplement. In the response, defendants argued that the plaintiffs continued to lack standing, and that Hawaii's updated information still failed to identify any non-speculative injury that existed at the time of the complaint.

On June 1, with the 9th Circuit panel's opinion not yet issued, the Department of Justice filed an application in the Supreme Court seeking a stay of the district court's injunction. (Simultaneously, the DOJ sought a similar stay in IRAP v. Trump, the analogous case in the District of Maryland, and also sought certiorari review of the IRAP case, in which the 4th Circuit had on May 25 upheld the district court's preliminary injunction.) The plaintiffs responded, opposing the stay, on June 12.

That same day, the 9th Circuit issued its opinion upholding the district court's preliminary injunction in major part. In an 86-page per curiam opinion by Judges Michael Daly Hawkins, Ronald M. Gould, and Richard A. Paez, the Court of Appeals addressed only the issues of justiciability and the statutory claims, finding the matter justiciable and holding that the Immigration and Nationality Act forbids nationality discrimination in visa-issuance (and therefore in categorical rules governing entry) and also forbids summary changes to the number of refugees admissible in a given year. The Court of Appeals narrowed the preliminary injunction to remove its direct applicability to President Trump (while affirming its coverage of the governmental actors who would carry out the Executive Order) and to allow the interagency consultation required by the Executive Order to proceed unimpeded.

On June 13, the federal government filed a consent motion requesting that the 9th Circuit immediately issue its mandate vacating the district court's preliminary injunction in part, and instructing the district court to reissue without enjoining the EO's internal revenue procedures. On June 19, the circuit court granted this request and issued the mandate. That day, the district court amended and reissued the preliminary injunction to conform with the 9th Circuit's mandate.

On June 26, the Supreme Court agreed to hear this case and consolidated it with IRAP v. Trump, the analogous case from the District of Maryland. In addition to the issues identified in the petitions, SCOTUS directed the parties to address the following question: "Whether the challenges to §2(c) [the part of the EO that suspended entry to nationals from Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen for ninety days] became moot on June 14, 2017." The Supreme Court declined to stay most of the preliminary injunction, but did reverse that injunction's application to "foreign nationals who lack any bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States." SCOTUS noted that foreign nationals who do not have a close family tie or a formal, documented relationship with an entity (such as a school or employer) may have §2(c) enforced against them.

The Supreme Court will hear the cases in October 2017, but in the meantime, it remained for the District Court to adjudicate disputes over what remains of the preliminary injunction. On June 29, the Department of State and the Department of Homeland Security issued several public documents explaining that the administration was interpreting the "bona fide relationship" line to exclude many relatives -- fiances, grandparents/grandchildren, brothers and sisters in law, and others. In addition, the government explained its view that the relationship between a refugee and a sponsoring resettlement agency "is not sufficient in and of itself to establish a qualifying relationship for that refugee" under the bona fide relationship test. Hawaii immediately objected, filing an emergency motion seeking clarification from Judge Watson, at the District Court, on the scope of the preliminary injunction. The federal government filed a memorandum in opposition to the motion on July 3, asking that the court either deny Hawaii's motion or stay any relief pending the Supreme Court's clarification of its ruling. Hawaii replied on July 5.

On July 6, Judge Watson denied the plaintiffs' emergency motion to clarify the scope of the preliminary injunction. The District Court noted that the parties disagreed about the wording of the Supreme Court's injunction, not about anything issued by the District Court, and therefore any clarification is more appropriately sought in the Supreme Court. Hawaii appealed the District Court's denial that same day, but the Ninth Circuit dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. In its dismissal, the Ninth Circuit noted that, while the District Court may not have the authority to "clarify" an order of the Supreme Court, it does possess the authority to interpret the Supreme Court's order and enforce the injunction.

On July 7, Hawaii filed an emergency motion requesting that the District Court partially lift its Apr. 3 Order staying all proceedings for the limited purpose of issuing an Order enforcing or, in the alternative, modifying the scope of the June 19 amended preliminary injunction. Specifically, Hawaii requested that the Court issue an Order enforcing or modifying its preliminary injunction to reflect that: 1) the injunction bars the federal government from implementing the EO against grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins of persons in the US; 2) the injunction prohibits the federal government from applying sections 6(a) and 6(b) to exclude refugees who: i) have a formal assurance from a resettlement agency within the United States, ii) have a bona fide client relationship with a US legal services organization, or iii) are in the US Refugee Admissions Program through the Iraqi Direct Access Program for "US-affiliated Iraqis," the Central American Minors Program, or the Lautenberg Program; 3) the injunction bars defendants from suspending any part of the refugee admissions process, including any part of the "Advanced Booking" process, for individuals with a bona fide relationship with a US person or entity; and 4) the preliminary injunction prohibits the federal government from applying a presumption that an applicant lacks "a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States."

On July 11, the federal government filed its memorandum in opposition to the plaintiff's July 7 motion. Hawaii responded on July 12.

On July 13, Judge Watson granted Hawaii's motion in part, finding that the Government's definition of individuals with a "close familial relationship" was too narrow. Accordingly, Judge Watson prohibited the federal government from applying the EO to grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins of persons in the US. Additionally, the District Court held that the federal government could not exclude refugees covered by a formal assurance between the Dept. of State and a US Refugee Resettlement Agency. Judge Watson denied Hawaii's request that he forbid the federal government from excluding refugees who have a bona fide relationship with a US legal services organization, noting that refugee relationships with legal services organization vary, and as such a categorical exemption would run afoul of SCOTUS' order. Judge Watson also denied Hawaii's request that the Direct Access Program for U.S.-affiliated Iraqis and the Central American Minors Program be categorically exempt from the EO. Judge Watson granted the motion as to the Lautenberg Program, however, because all participants admitted through the Lautenberg Program must have a "close familial relationship" as used in SCOTUS' order (and as clarified in this Order), so categorial relief was appropriate. Finally, Judge Watson disagreed with Hawaii that the federal government could not apply a presumption that an appellant lacks the requisite bona fide relationship identified by SCOTUS.

On July 13, the federal government appealed Judge Watson's decision to the Ninth Circuit.

While that appeal was pending, the government filed a motion in the Supreme Court seeking clarification of the Court's June 26 order. On July 19, the Supreme Court responded: "The Government's motion seeking clarification of our order of June 26, 2017, is denied. The District Court order modifying the preliminary injunction with respect to refugees covered by a formal assurance is stayed pending resolution of the Government's appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit." Thus the government's appeal of Judge Watson's July 13 enforcement order proceeded in the 9th Circuit, but while it was underway, the District Court's decision exempting a broader swathe of family members from the EO remained operative. The District Court's approach to refugee resettlement was stayed, but the matter remained open for the 9th Circuit to decide.

On July 24, the Ninth Circuit agreed to hear the federal government's July 13 appeal, and granted the parties' joint motion for an expedited briefing schedule; briefing concluded on Aug. 9.

On July 28, the Ninth Circuit received an Emergency Motion to Intervene. The federal government opposed this motion on Aug. 2, and the court denied it on Aug. 3.

Back in the Supreme Court, the federal government on July 26 requested permission to file a consolidated petitioners' brief on the merits of this case and also IRAP v. Trump. On Aug. 10, the government submitted a consolidated merits brief to the Supreme Court. In it, the government put forth five main arguments: (1) challenges to the order are not justiciable and the plaintiffs cannot establish any violation of their own constitutional rights; (2) section 2(c) did not become moot on June 14; (3) the EO does not violate the INA; (4) the EO does not violate the Establishment clause; and (5) the global injunctions are not impermissibly overbroad.

Back in the Ninth Circuit, the court heard oral argument on the appeal of Judge Watson's July 13 enforcement order on Aug. 28 in Seattle.

On Aug. 29, the court's July 7 dismissal order took effect.

Meanwhile, in the Supreme Court, from Aug. 3 onward, a number of organizations continue to file amicus briefs. On Aug. 8, Hawaii moved to add a third plaintiff, John Doe, as a party to the suit. The federal government opposed this motion on Aug. 17, and on Aug. 24 SCOTUS deferred further consideration of the motion to the hearing of the case on the merits.

Back in the Ninth Circuit, the court on Sep. 7 issued a per curium opinion affirming, in its entirety, the district court's July 13 modification of its preliminary injunction. The Ninth Circuit found that the district court "carefully and correctly balanced the hardships and the equitable considerations as directed by the Supreme Court in IRAP v. Trump" in enjoining the federal government from enforcing the EO against 1) grandparents, grandchildren, siblings-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins of persons in the US; and 2) refugees who have formal assurances from resettlement agencies or are in USRAP through the Lautenberg Amendment. Further, the Ninth Circuit noted that "[b]ecause this case is governed by equitable principles, and because many refugees without the benefit of the injunction are gravely imperiled," the court's mandate will issue five days after filing the opinion.

On Sep. 11, the federal government moved to stay the Ninth Circuit's order, arguing that the Ninth Circuit's decision renders SCOTUS June 26 stay "functionally inoperative" in that it will "disrupt the status quo and frustrate orderly implementation of the [Executive Order's] refugee provisions that [SCOTUS] made clear months ago could take effect." That same day, the Supreme Court issued the following order: "It is ordered that the mandate of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, case No. 17-16426, is hereby stayed with respect to refugees covered by a formal assurance, pending receipt of a response, due on or before Tuesday, September 12, 2017, by 12p.m., and further order of the undersigned or of the Court."

On September 12, Hawaii responded, arguing that the Ninth Circuit had faithfully applied both of the Supreme Court's prior directives: 1) by determining what constituted a "bona fide" relationship with a U.S. entity; and 2) by clarifying whether the injunction applied to refugees who have received a formal assurance from a refugee resettlement agency (when the Supreme Court declined to do so on July 19). As such, Hawaii requested that SCOTUS deny the federal government's motion and allow the lower courts' decisions to remain unchanged until the Supreme Court hears this case on the merits. The federal government replied that same day, and shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court upheld its earlier stay of the Ninth Circuit's mandate with respect to refugees covered by a formal assurance.

On Oct. 10, the Supreme Court is set to hear this case on the merits.

Jamie Kessler - 02/14/2017
Julie Aust - 09/13/2017
- 06/12/2017

nolu chan  posted on  2017-09-15   0:42:21 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#17. To: nolu chan (#16)

That something is coming through the pipeline may be gauged by the volume and pitch of the liberal squeal, and the intensity of filing what is reminiscent of birther lawsuits. Only there, they have the wildly liberal left coast courts to pass this junk up to SCOTUS.

Well, sure. I notice that TN dropped out of the anti-DACA lawsuit. That leaves Texas and 8-9 other states. I still don't know what their plans are or if they are prepared to file anything.

I do appreciate your summary and research but DACA really is very different overall than a fight over an EO that temporarily suspended visas and refugee resettlement from six Muslim-majority countries around the world.

Trump himself seems to tweet out yet another different and contradictory position on DACA every couple of hours.

Tooconservative  posted on  2017-09-15   0:54:28 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#18. To: Tooconservative (#17)

I notice that TN dropped out of the anti-DACA lawsuit. That leaves Texas and 8-9 other states. I still don't know what their plans are or if they are prepared to file anything.

DACA is dead. It was rescinded.

Technically, DACA was created by a 15 June 2012 DHS Memo of Janet Napolitano, and that DHS Memo was rescinded by the below 5 September 2017 DHS Memo of Acting United States Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine C. Duke.

https://www.dhs.gov/news/2017/09/05/memorandum-rescission-daca

Memorandum on Rescission Of Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Release Date: September 5, 2017

MEMORANDUM FOR:

James W. McCament
Acting Director
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

Thomas D. Homan
Acting Director
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Kevin K. McAleenan
Acting Commissioner
U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Joseph B. Maher
Acting General Counsel

Ambassador James D. Nealon
Assistant Secretary, International Engagement

Julie M. Kirchner
Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman

FROM:

Elaine C. Duke
Acting Secretary

SUBJECT:

Rescission of the June 15, 2012 Memorandum Entitled “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children”

This memorandum rescinds the June 15, 2012 memorandum entitled “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children,” which established the program known as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (“DACA”). For the reasons and in the manner outlined below, Department of Homeland Security personnel shall take all appropriate actions to execute a wind-down of the program, consistent with the parameters established in this memorandum.

Background

The Department of Homeland Security established DACA through the issuance of a memorandum on June 15, 2012. The program purported to use deferred action—an act of prosecutorial discretion meant to be applied only on an individualized case-by-case basis—to confer certain benefits to illegal aliens that Congress had not otherwise acted to provide by law.[1] Specifically, DACA provided certain illegal aliens who entered the United States before the age of sixteen a period of deferred action and eligibility to request employment authorization.

On November 20, 2014, the Department issued a new memorandum, expanding the parameters of DACA and creating a new policy called Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (“DAPA”). Among other things—such as the expansion of the coverage criteria under the 2012 DACA policy to encompass aliens with a wider range of ages and arrival dates, and lengthening the period of deferred action and work authorization from two years to three—the November 20, 2014 memorandum directed USCIS “to establish a process, similar to DACA, for exercising prosecutorial discretion through the use of deferred action, on a case-by-case basis,” to certain aliens who have “a son or daughter who is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident.”

Prior to the implementation of DAPA, twenty-six states—led by Texas—challenged the policies announced in the November 20, 2014 memorandum in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas. In an order issued on February 16, 2015, the district court preliminarily enjoined the policies nationwide.[2] The district court held that the plaintiff states were likely to succeed on their claim that the DAPA program did not comply with relevant authorities.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that Texas and the other states had demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success on the merits and satisfied the other requirements for a preliminary injunction.[3] The Fifth Circuit concluded that the Department’s DAPA policy conflicted with the discretion authorized by Congress. In considering the DAPA program, the court noted that the Immigration and Nationality Act “flatly does not permit the reclassification of millions of illegal aliens as lawfully present and thereby make them newly eligible for a host of federal and state benefits, including work authorization.” According to the court, “DAPA is foreclosed by Congress’s careful plan; the program is ‘manifestly contrary to the statute’ and therefore was properly enjoined.”

Although the original DACA policy was not challenged in the lawsuit, both the district and appellate court decisions relied on factual findings about the implementation of the 2012 DACA memorandum. The Fifth Circuit agreed with the lower court that DACA decisions were not truly discretionary,[4] and that DAPA and expanded DACA would be substantially similar in execution. Both the district court and the Fifth Circuit concluded that implementation of the program did not comply with the Administrative Procedure Act because the Department did not implement it through notice-and-comment rulemaking.

The Supreme Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit’s ruling by equally divided vote (4-4).[5] The evenly divided ruling resulted in the Fifth Circuit order being affirmed. The preliminary injunction therefore remains in place today. In October 2016, the Supreme Court denied a request from DHS to rehear the case upon the appointment of a new Justice. After the 2016 election, both parties agreed to a stay in litigation to allow the new administration to review these issues.

On January 25, 2017, President Trump issued Executive Order No. 13,768, “Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States.” In that Order, the President directed federal agencies to “[e]nsure the faithful execution of the immigration laws . . . against all removable aliens,” and established new immigration enforcement priorities. On February 20, 2017, then Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly issued an implementing memorandum, stating “the Department no longer will exempt classes or categories of removable aliens from potential enforcement,” except as provided in the Department’s June 15, 2012 memorandum establishing DACA,[6] and the November 20, 2014 memorandum establishing DAPA and expanding DACA.[7]

On June 15, 2017, after consulting with the Attorney General, and considering the likelihood of success on the merits of the ongoing litigation, then Secretary John F. Kelly issued a memorandum rescinding DAPA and the expansion of DACA—but temporarily left in place the June 15, 2012 memorandum that initially created the DACA program.

Then, on June 29, 2017, Texas, along with several other states, sent a letter to Attorney General Sessions asserting that the original 2012 DACA memorandum is unlawful for the same reasons stated in the Fifth Circuit and district court opinions regarding DAPA and expanded DACA. The letter notes that if DHS does not rescind the DACA memo by September 5, 2017, the States will seek to amend the DAPA lawsuit to include a challenge to DACA.

The Attorney General sent a letter to the Department on September 4, 2017, articulating his legal determination that DACA “was effectuated by the previous administration through executive action, without proper statutory authority and with no established end-date, after Congress' repeated rejection of proposed legislation that would have accomplished a similar result. Such an open-ended circumvention of immigration laws was an unconstitutional exercise of authority by the Executive Branch.” The letter further stated that because DACA “has the same legal and constitutional defects that the courts recognized as to DAPA, it is likely that potentially imminent litigation would yield similar results with respect to DACA.” Nevertheless, in light of the administrative complexities associated with ending the program, he recommended that the Department wind it down in an efficient and orderly fashion, and his office has reviewed the terms on which our Department will do so.

Rescission of the June 15, 2012 DACA Memorandum

Taking into consideration the Supreme Court’s and the Fifth Circuit’s rulings in the ongoing litigation, and the September 4, 2017 letter from the Attorney General, it is clear that the June 15, 2012 DACA program should be terminated. In the exercise of my authority in establishing national immigration policies and priorities, except for the purposes explicitly identified below,

Recognizing the complexities associated with winding down the program, the Department will provide a limited window in which it will adjudicate certain requests for DACA and associated applications meeting certain parameters specified below. Accordingly, effective immediately, the Department:

  • Will adjudicate—on an individual, case-by-case basis—properly filed pending DACA initial requests and associated applications for Employment Authorization Documents that have been accepted by the Department as of the date of this memorandum.

  • Will reject all DACA initial requests and associated applications for Employment Authorization Documents filed after the date of this memorandum.

  • Will adjudicate—on an individual, case by case basis—properly filed pending DACA renewal requests and associated applications for Employment Authorization Documents from current beneficiaries that have been accepted by the Department as of the date of this memorandum, and from current beneficiaries whose benefits will expire between the date of this memorandum and March 5, 2018 that have been accepted by the Department as of October 5, 2017.

  • Will reject all DACA renewal requests and associated applications for Employment Authorization Documents filed outside of the parameters specified above.

  • Will not terminate the grants of previously issued deferred action or revoke Employment Authorization Documents solely based on the directives in this memorandum for the remaining duration of their validity periods.

  • Will not approve any new Form I-131 applications for advance parole under standards associated with the DACA program, although it will generally honor the stated validity period for previously approved applications for advance parole. Notwithstanding the continued validity of advance parole approvals previously granted, CBP will—of course—retain the authority it has always had and exercised in determining the admissibility of any person presenting at the border and the eligibility of such persons for parole. Further, USCIS will—of course—retain the authority to revoke or terminate an advance parole document at any time.

  • Will administratively close all pending Form I-131 applications for advance parole filed under standards associated with the DACA program, and will refund all associated fees.

  • Will continue to exercise its discretionary authority to terminate or deny deferred action at any time when immigration officials determine termination or denial of deferred action is appropriate.

This document is not intended to, does not, and may not be relied upon to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any administrative, civil, or criminal matter. Likewise, no limitations are placed by this guidance on the otherwise lawful enforcement or litigation prerogatives of DHS.

[1] Significantly, while the DACA denial notice indicates the decision to deny is made in the unreviewable discretion of USCIS, USCIS has not been able to identify specific denial cases where an applicant appeared to satisfy the programmatic categorical criteria as outlined in the June 15, 2012 memorandum, but still had his or her application denied based solely upon discretion.

[2] Texas v. United States, 86 F. Supp. 3d 591 (S.D. Tex. 2015).

[3] Texas v. United States, 809 F.3d 134 (5th Cir. 2015).

[4] Id.

[5] United States v. Texas, 136 S. Ct. 2271 (2016) (per curiam).

[6] Memorandum from Janet Napolitano, Secretary, DHS to David Aguilar, Acting Comm’r, CBP, et al., “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children” (June 15, 2012).

[7] Memorandum from Jeh Johnson, Secretary, DHS, to Leon Rodriguez, Dir., USCIS, et al., “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children and with Respect to Certain Individuals Whose Parents are U.S. Citizens or Permanent Residents” (Nov. 20, 2014).

Topics: Border Security, Deferred Action

Keywords: DACA, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Last Published Date: September 5, 2017

nolu chan  posted on  2017-09-16   1:31:35 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


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