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U.S. Constitution
See other U.S. Constitution Articles

Title: Our Lost Constitution: The Willful Subversion of America's Founding Document
Source: [None]
URL Source: [None]
Published: Jun 28, 2016
Author: Mike Lee
Post Date: 2016-06-28 07:12:57 by tpaine
Keywords: None
Views: 22888
Comments: 124

Our Lost Constitution: The Willful Subversion of America's Founding Document

Mike Lee

The still-unfolding story of America’s Constitution is a history of heroes and villains—the flawed visionaries who inspired and crafted liberty’s safeguards, and the shortsighted opportunists who defied them. Those stories are known by few today.

In Our Lost Constitution, Senator Mike Lee tells the dramatic, little-known stories behind six of the Constitution’s most indispensible provisions. He shows their rise. He shows their fall. And he makes vividly clear how nearly every abuse of federal power today is rooted in neglect of this Lost Constitution. For example:

• The Origination Clause says that all bills to raise taxes must originate in the House of Representatives, but contempt for the clause ensured the passage of Obamacare.

• The Fourth Amendment protects us against unreasonable searches and seizures, but the NSA now collects our private data without a warrant.

• The Legislative Powers Clause means that only Congress can pass laws, but unelected agencies now produce ninety-nine out of every one hundred pages of legal rules imposed on the American people.

Lee’s cast of characters includes a former Ku Klux Klansman, who hijacked the Establishment Clause to strangle Catholic schools; the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who called the Second Amendment a fraud; and the revered president who began his first of four terms by threating to shatter the balance of power between Congress and the president, and who began his second term by vowing to do the same to the Supreme Court.

Fortunately, the Constitution has always had its defenders. Senator Lee tells the story of how Andrew Jackson, noted for his courage in duels and politics, stood firm against the unconstitutional expansion of federal powers. He brings to life Ben Franklin’s genius for compromise at a deeply divided constitutional convention. And he tells how in 2008, a couple of unlikely challengers persuaded the Supreme Court to rediscover the Second Amendment’s right to keep and bear arms.

Sections of the Constitution may have been forgotten, but it’s not too late to bring them back—if only we remember why we once demanded them and how we later lost them. Drawing on his experience working in all three branches of government, Senator Lee makes a bold case for resurrecting the Lost Constitution to restore and defend our fundamental liberties.

View this title on Amazon.com

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#4. To: Gatlin (#3)

Willie Green (#1) --- Just another slobbering Establishment Tea Party stooge wrapping himself in the flag and claiming the Constitution is Holy Scripture, and should be only be interpreted the way HE says it should be.

There are too many quasi-experts on the Constitution around who don’t support a strict adherence to the Constitution, but rather their very specific interpretation of the Constitution. They live with the erroneous belief that their interpretation is the only right interpretation and dogmatically insist others agree with them. It can be said they all have a very common disorder: Banal human arrogance. --- Gatlin

Thank you Chief Cheep Gatlin of the canary clan, for confirming your alliance with a self confessed anti-constitutionalist.

It's obvious that you can't specify your charges against the patriots on this forum. -- Is it a failure of intellect, or are you just chickenshit?

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   8:57:50 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#5. To: All canary clan members. -- Gatlin challenged, will he debate? (#4)

There are too many quasi-experts on the Constitution around who don’t support a strict adherence to the Constitution, but rather their very specific interpretation of the Constitution. They live with the erroneous belief that their interpretation is the only right interpretation and dogmatically insist others agree with them. It can be said they all have a very common disorder: Banal human arrogance. --- Gatlin

There are too many quasi-experts on the Constitution around who don’t support a strict adherence to the Constitution,

I support a strict adherence to our Constitution (with the exception of the 16th Amendment), and do not consider myself an expert, merely a student of the document.

but rather their very specific interpretation of the Constitution. They live with the erroneous belief that their interpretation is the only right interpretation and dogmatically insist others agree with them.

Read my discussions with Nolu Chan to see who is dogmatic. -- Chan dogmatically insists, --- I appeal to the common sense and the common principles inherent in the document.

It can be said they all have a very common disorder: Banal human arrogance. --- Gatlin

Spoken like the very arrogant major that you pretend to be..

Will you, can you debate constitutional issues?

For instance, why do you insist that States have the power to bann certain weapons?

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   9:28:05 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#6. To: tpaine (#4)

Thank you Chief Cheep Gatlin of the canary clan, for confirming your alliance with a self confessed anti-constitutionalist.

You are most welcome self-appointed Chief Shit of the only I can "correctly interpret" the Constitution movement.

I am not an anti-Constitutionalist. Stop making shit up.

I am however dogmatically against a piddly-assed pipsqueak attempting to tell me what the Constitution means and then trying to dogmatically enforce his warped views on me.

If that is a failure of my intellect or if I am just being chicken shit … then so be it.

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   10:51:16 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#7. To: tpaine (#5)

Will you, can you debate constitutional issues?

With someone who has enough intelligence … of course.

That lets you out since you are totally incapable of thinking outside of the terms of logical fallacy where your errors in reasoning renders your positions invalid.

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   10:59:44 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#8. To: tpaine, nolu chan (#5) (Edited)

Read my discussions with Nolu Chan to see who is dogmatic. -- Chan dogmatically insists, --- I appeal to the common sense and the common principles inherent in the document.

Some more of your bullshit ...

I have read many of the exchanges and I watched chan make you look like a blithering idiot.

The part I most enjoy is that you just keep going back for more "smack downs" ... almost as if you receive some masochistic satisfaction.

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   11:04:55 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#9. To: tpaine (#5)

Spoken like the very arrogant ...

Arrogant … probably not.

Acting like a Modern Pentathalon being somewhat headstrong, cocky, stubborn and ambitious … probably so.

There is a distinct difference …

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   11:26:57 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#10. To: Gatlin reconfirms that he is afraid to debate constitutional issues. (#9)

Will you, can you debate constitutional issues?

For instance, why do you insist that States have the power to bann certain weapons?

I am not an anti-Constitutionalist. Stop making shit up.

You can't answer the States gun question above, can you? Why? ---, because it would show you up as an anti-constitutionalist, that's why.

I repeat: ---

Will you, can you debate constitutional issues?

With someone who has enough intelligence … of course. --- That lets you out

So you won't. Making you a chickenshit anti-constitutionalist.

Thanks..

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   12:40:12 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#11. To: tpaine (#5)

Read my discussions with Nolu Chan to see who is dogmatic. -- Chan dogmatically insists, --- I appeal to the common sense and the common principles inherent in the document.

tpaine "COMMON SENSE"

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=46847&Disp=7#C7

In the long run, SCOTUS opinions don't mean much, as people,and the legislators they elect have the right to ignore them, and write new laws that circumvent their supposed edicts.

tpaine posted on 2016-06-27 18:44:47 ET

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=46277&Disp=49#C49

The 2nd [Amendment] has always applied to the States, -- the 'incorporation' bull has just been used by statists to avoid compliance.

tpaine posted on 2016-05-25 12:08:35 ET

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=46639&Disp=72#C72

I admit that our various levels of government have the power to make reasonable regulations on the bearing of arms (taking care that they do not infringe upon the right).

tpaine posted on 2016-06-16 22:47:22 ET

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=46639&Disp=74#C74

-- If SCOTUS issues an opinion that infringes, the people, over time, --- ignore it, --- and see that judges are later appointed that honor our Constitution.

tpaine posted on 2016-06-17 20:27:12 ET

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=46771&Disp=28#C28

The US Supreme Court has the authority to "interpret" the US Constitution, but their 'authority' is to issue opinions, -- opinions which are NOT binding on the legislative, -- or the executive branch.

tpaine posted on 2016-06-23 21:26:13 ET

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=40620&Disp=68#C68

nolu chan erroneously claims: --

When SCOTUS rules on a matter of constitutional law, the legislature cannot lawfully legislate contrary to the SCOTUS interpretation of the Constitution.

- - - - -

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=40732

During a discussion with Nolu Chan, he asserted that an amendment repealing the 2nd could be ratified, and become a valid part of our Constitution. I contend such an amendment would be unconstitutional.

http://www2.libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=40620&Disp=136#C136

Does the Court strike down this part of the Constitution as unconstitutional?

It has the power to issue an opinion that such an amendment is unconstitutional..

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-28   12:42:31 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#12. To: nolu chan, Y'ALL (#11)

Read my discussions with Nolu Chan to see who is dogmatic. -- Chan dogmatically insists, --- I appeal to the common sense and the common principles inherent in the document.

And amazingly enough, Chan responds by reposting some of my common sense replies..

Thanks Chan, you know not what you do, quite often..

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   12:50:41 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#13. To: tpaine (#10)

So you won't. Making you a chickenshit anti-constitutionalist.

The "Major" outed himself as a cowardly enemy of the Constitution long ago, back on Liberty Post.

“Truth is treason in the empire of lies.” - Ron Paul

"America is at that awkward stage. It's too late to work within the system, but too early to shoot the bastards."

Deckard  posted on  2016-06-28   13:12:04 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#14. To: Deckard, tpaine, Gatlin (#13)

The "Major" outed himself as a cowardly enemy of the Constitution long ago, back on Liberty Post.

Deckard and tpaine outed themselves as constitutional idiots long ago.

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-28   13:21:06 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#15. To: tpaine (#10)

Gatlin reconfirms that he is ...

I will not waste my valuable time or utilize my vast knowledge on you, so I reconfirm that that it is not possible for me to carry on an intelligent discussion with such a constitutional idiot ... namely you.

You are welcome.

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   13:35:28 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#16. To: nolu chan, Deckard, tpaine (#14)

Deckard and tpaine outed themselves as constitutional idiots long ago.

Yea ... BIG TIME!!

Gatlin  posted on  2016-06-28   13:36:38 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#17. To: nolu chan (#14)

Deckard, ---- The "Major" outed himself as a cowardly enemy of the Constitution long ago, back on Liberty Post.

Deckard and tpaine outed themselves as constitutional idiots long ago. ---- nolu chan

Poor nolu, reduced to playing neener, neener games with the truth about gatlin.

Are you some relative too? (Harrowup made that claim) Is that why you defend his nonexistent honor?

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   13:58:45 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#18. To: Willie Green (#1)

claiming the Constitution is Holy Scripture

I'm sure he doesn't literally claim that - so what are you actually saying about his views?

A government strong enough to impose your standards is strong enough to ban them.

ConservingFreedom  posted on  2016-06-28   13:58:54 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#19. To: Gatlin (#15)

Will you, can you debate constitutional issues?

With someone who has enough intelligence … of course. --- That lets you out.

So you won't. Making you a chickenshit anti-constitutionalist.

Thanks..

I will not waste my valuable time or utilize my vast knowledge on you,

But you'll waste unlimited time on petty replies, as long as you don't have to debate.

As I've said, you're a phony chickenshit.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   14:03:56 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#20. To: ConservingFreedom, y'all canaries (#18)

Willie Green (#1) --- (Lee) claiming the Constitution is Holy Scripture.

I'm sure he doesn't literally claim that - so what are you actually saying about his views? --- ConservingFreedom

All these canaries are the same. ---- Big mouths on generalities, no hat on specifics.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   14:10:21 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#21. To: ConservingFreedom (#18)

so what are you actually saying about his views?

That they're dogmatic & narrow-minded.

Willie Green  posted on  2016-06-28   19:00:17 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#22. To: tpaine (#17)

Are you some relative too? (Harrowup made that claim)

I thought they supposedly hated each other at first before they eventually fell in love?

Vegetarians eat vegetables. Beware of humanitarians!

CZ82  posted on  2016-06-28   20:30:34 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#23. To: CZ82 ----- and all (#22)

Nolu, are you some relative of gatlin, too? (Harrowup made that claim)

It thought they supposedly hated each other at first before they eventually fell in love.

Could be, but gat & h'rup ended as kissen cousins.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   21:00:29 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#24. To: tpaine (#0)

The Origination Clause says that all bills to raise taxes must originate in the House of Representatives, but contempt for the clause ensured the passage of Obamacare.

What's even more contempt is that Chief Justice Roberts agrees that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

The US government is corrupt.

buckeroo  posted on  2016-06-28   21:08:22 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#25. To: buckeroo (#24)

The US government is corrupt.

Wow! -- You sure tell it like it is...

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   21:15:08 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#26. To: tpaine (#25)

It wouldn't be so bad, but most everybody keeps voting the same PIGS into government office. The corrupt D&R party supports a corrupt US government.

buckeroo  posted on  2016-06-28   21:19:06 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#27. To: buckeroo (#26)

Relax. Trump will save us all.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   21:21:21 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#28. To: tpaine (#27)

If you believe that crap, you graduated from Trump University.

buckeroo  posted on  2016-06-28   21:28:03 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#29. To: buckeroo (#28)

Relax. Trump will save us all.

If you believe that crap, you graduated from Trump University.

My GED was issued by Trump U. I was in the same class as nolu chan and gatlin. I graduated with honors, while they were ranked hind tit.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   21:41:49 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#30. To: tpaine (#29)

no comment, tpaine ... you need to edit that post quickly as tyme is running out!

buckeroo  posted on  2016-06-28   22:07:42 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#31. To: buckeroo (#30)

you need to edit that post quickly as tyme is running out

See if you can find a sense of humor.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-28   23:10:52 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#32. To: buckeroo (#26) (Edited)

but most everybody keeps voting the same PIGS into government office.

You mean like our founding fathers set the election process as? lol

Well, you're in luck in 2016, asshole. This year a NON (D) or (R) is viable. His name is TRUMP. You can write him in if you like. The (D)'s and the (R)'s hate him... and the libtard Paultards REALLY hate him. He's your two party hatred dream come true. lol

I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح

GrandIsland  posted on  2016-06-28   23:31:12 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#33. To: GrandIsland (#32)

This year a NON (D) or (R) is viable. His name is TRUMP.

More bullshit from a dumb elementary school crosswalk guard. Trump is just another pigment colour but underneath he is 0bama. Kinda like you ...

buckeroo  posted on  2016-06-28   23:47:02 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#34. To: buckeroo (#33)

Is that what you pathetic Paultards have resorted too... claiming Trump is a closet Obunghole? LMFAO.

You drug addict agenda posting tool bags have been screaming 2 party= 1 party hate since LP or LF was formed... and now a VIABLE candidate is running that's hated by BOTH parties... and you assholes hate him more. F' off. You're a joke.

I'm the infidel... Allah warned you about. كافر المسلح

GrandIsland  posted on  2016-06-29   7:26:00 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#35. To: buckeroo, tpaine (#24)

[Mike Lee, posted by tpaine] The Origination Clause says that all bills to raise taxes must originate in the House of Representatives, but contempt for the clause ensured the passage of Obamacare.

[buckeroo] What's even more contempt is that Chief Justice Roberts agrees that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

I understand tpaine and buckeroo were valedictorian and salutatorian at the tpaine School for the Gifted.

Can you two can explain what the hell Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution? Be specific!

The house of origin for all federal revenue bills is the House of Representatives.

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-29   12:20:20 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#36. To: Willie Green (#1)

claiming the Constitution is Holy Scripture, and should be only be interpreted the way HE says it should be.

If you read it, the Constitution is actually quite clear - there is no wiggle room in, for example, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

A government strong enough to impose your standards is strong enough to ban them.

ConservingFreedom  posted on  2016-06-29   14:08:42 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#37. To: nolu chan, buckeroo, y'all (#35)

buckeroo] What's even more contempt is that Chief Justice Roberts agrees that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Can you two can explain what the hell Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution? Be specific! ---- The house of origin for all federal revenue bills is the House of Representatives. --- nolu

Amusing post, because obviously, buck answered it before nolu asked..

Nolu puts himself forward as some sort of legal expert. --- He must have failed logic at any sort of law school he may have attended.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-29   14:27:01 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#38. To: tpaine, buckeroo (#37)

Can you two can explain what the hell Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution? Be specific! ---- The house of origin for all federal revenue bills is the House of Representatives. --- nolu

Amusing post, because obviously, buck answered it before nolu asked..

Well, it is obvious tpaine cannot or will not answer the question, what the hell Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution.

Will either of the two graduates of the tpaine School for the Gifted make the attempt?

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-29   15:21:07 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#39. To: nolu chan, Y'ALL (#38)

Slightly changing bucks comment should give you your answer: --

Chief Justice Roberts DECREED that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Get it yet nolu?

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-29   15:37:47 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#40. To: tpaine (#39)

Slightly changing bucks comment should give you your answer: --

Chief Justice Roberts DECREED that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Get it yet nolu?

Yes, I get it. You are just full of shit and do not know what you are blathering about.

Your evasive answer is the equivalent of Because Benghazi!

My question was:

Can you two can explain what the hell Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution? Be specific!

You have failed to state what, if anything, the ACA has to do with the Origination Clause of the Constitution. You have failed to state that you do, or do not, claim that the ACA violated the Origination Clause, or what it was that you may claim constituted such violation.

You say that Chief Justice DECREED that Obamacase is just another tax, and that it ignored the congressional house of origin, but you have failed to identify which house you claim the ACA originated in, and why that was somehow improper. And you fail to state why or how the majority opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court, written by Chief Justice Roberts, involves or runs afoul of the Origination Clause of the Constitution.

As Marilyn Mosby Professor of Law at the tpaine School for the Gifted, you should know that the PPACA did not come within the scope of the Origination Clause of the Constitution. Had it come within the scope of the Origination Clause, the PPACA originated in the House and would have thereby complied with the Origination Clause.

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-30   15:42:05 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#41. To: nolu chan (#40) (Edited)

Slightly changing bucks comment should give you your answer: -

- Chief Justice Roberts DECREED that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Get it yet nolu?

Yes, I get it.

Thank you.

All the rest of your reply is mere quibbling, -- by poor, poor frustrated nolu.

tpaine  posted on  2016-06-30   17:05:17 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#42. To: tpaine (#41)

Slightly changing bucks comment should give you your answer: -

- Chief Justice Roberts DECREED that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Get it yet nolu?

Yes, I get it.

Thank you.

All the rest of your reply is mere quibbling, -- by poor, poor frustrated nolu.

I get it. tpaine is just full of shit. So sayeth the courts, over and over and over. Of course, this time is no exception.

Yes, you may have another.

As Marilyn Mosby Professor of Law at the tpaine School for the Gifted, tpaine should know that the PPACA did not come within the scope of the Origination Clause of the Constitution. Had it come within the scope of the Origination Clause, the PPACA originated in the House and would have thereby complied with the Origination Clause.

Twin City Bank v. Nebeker, 167 U.S. 196 (1897) is a case where a bill originated in the House with no tax provision, but which had a tax provision added by amendment in the Senate. The contention in the case was that it was therefore unconstitutional and void. As the Court stated,

It is sufficient in the present case to say that an act of Congress providing a national currency secured by a pledge of bonds of the United States, and which, in the furtherance of that object and also to meet the expenses attending the execution of the act, imposed a tax on the notes in circulation of the banking associations organized under the statute is clearly not a revenue bill which the Constitution declares must originate in the House of Representatives. Mr. Justice Story has well said that the practical construction of the Constitution and the history of the origin of the constitutional provision in question prove that revenue bills are those that levy taxes, in the strict sense of the word, and are not bills for other purposes which may incidentally create revenue.

It did not matter whether it originated in the House or the Senate. Apparently the tpaine School for the Gifted does not teach how read and comprehend the Constitution or legal opinions.

Article 1, Section 7, Clause 1 provides,

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.

The word "for" applies to the purpose of a "Bill," not to any single provision of it. The grammatical reading of the text of the Origination Clause is that it only reaches bills that have raising revenue as their purpose or object.

Too bad, so sad, you showed your incompetence again.

Here, see the whole opinion in Twin City. After 119 years, it is still good precedent.

U.S. Supreme Court

Twin City Bank v. Nebeker, 167 U.S. 196 (1897)

167 U.S. 196

ERROR TO THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Syllabus

Section 41 of the National Banking Act imposing certain taxes upon the average amount of the notes in circulation of a banking association, now found in the Revised Statutes, is not a revenue bill within the meaning of the clause of the Constitution declaring that "all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills."

Whether in determining such a question the courts may refer to the journals of the two Houses of Congress for the purpose of ascertaining whether the act originated in the one House or the other is not decided.

The case is stated in the opinion.

167 U. S. 197

MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the Court.

This was an action by the plaintiff in error to recover from the defendant in error the sum of $73.08 alleged to have been paid by the former under protest to the latter, who was at the time Treasurer of the United States, in order to procure the release of certain bonds, the property of the bank, which bonds, the declaration alleged, were illegally and wrongfully withheld from the plaintiff by the defendant.

The plaintiff went into liquidation in the manner provided by law on the 23d of June, 1891, and on the 25th of August, 1891, deposited in the Treasury of the United States lawful money to redeem its outstanding notes, as required by § 5222 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. After making such deposit, the bank demanded the bonds which had been deposited by it to secure its circulating notes, and of which defendant had possession as Treasurer of the United States. The defendant refused to deliver them unless the bank would make a return of the average amount of its notes in circulation for the period from January 1, 1891, to the date when the deposit of money was made, viz., the 25th of August, 1891, and pay a tax thereon. The bank then made a return of the average amount of its notes in circulation for the period from January 1 to June 30, 1891, and paid to the defendant $56.25, protesting that he had no authority to demand the tax, and delivered to him a protest in writing, setting forth that, in making the return and in paying the tax, it did not admit the validity of the tax, or defendant's authority to exact or collect it, but made the return and payment solely for the purpose of procuring the possession of the United States bonds belonging to it, which defendant had refused to release until such return and payment were made, and further protesting that it was not liable to the tax, or any part of it. The bank's agent then made another demand upon defendant for the bonds, but he refused to deliver them until a return should be made of the average amount of its notes in circulation for the period from July 1 to August 25, 1891, and a tax paid

167 U. S. 198

thereon. Its agent then delivered such return to defendant, and paid him $16.83, at the same time delivering a written protest in the same form as the one above mentioned. These transactions were with the defendant himself, and the money was paid to him in person.

The journals of the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States for the first session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress were put in evidence by plaintiff. The bank claims that these journals show that the National Bank Act originated as a bill in the House of Representatives; that when it passed the house, it contained no provision for a tax upon the national banks, or upon any corporation, or upon any individual, or upon any property, nor any provisions whatever for raising revenue, and that all the provisions that appear to authorize the Treasurer of the United States to collect any tax on the circulating notes of national banks originated in the Senate, by way of amendment to the house bill.

A witness on behalf of the defendant testified, against the objection of plaintiff, that the money paid by it to him was covered into the Treasury and applied to the payment of the semiannual duty or tax due from the bank. But it did not appear whether this was done before or after the present action was brought.

At the close of the evidence, counsel for the bank moved the court to direct the jury to return a verdict in its favor, which motion the court overruled, and counsel for the bank excepted. On motion of the defendant, the court instructed the jury to return a verdict for him. To that ruling of the court counsel for plaintiff excepted.

Such is the case which the bank insists is made by the record.

The taxing provisions contained in the National Bank Act are found in its forty-first section. That § is as follows:

"The plates and special dies to be procured by the Comptroller of the Currency for the printing of such circulating notes shall remain under his control and direction, and the expenses necessarily incurred in executing the provisions of this act respecting the procuring of such notes, and all other

167 U. S. 199

expenses of the bureau shall be paid out of the proceeds of the taxes or duties now or hereafter to be assessed on the circulation, and collected from associations organized under this act. And in lieu of all existing taxes, every association shall pay to the Treasurer of the United States, in the months of January and July, a duty of one-half of one percentum each half year from and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, upon the average amount of its notes in circulation, and a duty of one-quarter of one percentum each half year upon the average amount of its deposits, and a duty of one-quarter of one percentum each half year, as aforesaid, on the average amount of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in United States bonds, and in case of default in the payment thereof by any association, the duties aforesaid may be collected in the manner provided for the collection of United States duties of other corporations, or the treasurer may reserve the amount of said duties out of the interest, as it may become due, on the bonds deposited with him by such defaulting association. And it shall be the duty of each association, within ten days from the first days of January and July of each year, to make a return, under the oath of its President or cashier, to the Treasurer of the United States, in such form as he may prescribe, of the average amount of its notes in circulation, and of the average amount of its deposits, and of the average amount of its capital stock, beyond the amount invested in United States bonds, for the six months next preceding said first days of January and July as aforesaid, and in default of such return, and for each default thereof, each defaulting association shall forfeit and pay to the United States the sum of two hundred dollars, to be collected either out of the interest as it may become due such association on the bonds deposited with the treasurer, or, at his option, in the manner in which penalties are to be collected of other corporations under the laws of the United States, and in case of such default the amount of the duties to be paid to such association shall be assessed upon the amount of notes delivered to such association by the Comptroller of the Currency, and upon the highest amount of its deposits and capital

167 U. S. 200

stock, to be ascertained in such other manner as the treasurer may deem best, provided that nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent all the shares in any of the said associations, held by any person or body corporate, from being included in the valuation of the personal property of such person or corporation in the assessment of taxes imposed by or under state authority at the place where such bank is located, and not elsewhere, but not at a greater rate than is assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens of such state; provided further that the tax so imposed under the laws of any state upon the shares of any of the associations authorized by this act shall not exceed the rate imposed upon the shares in any of the banks organized under authority of the state where such association is located; provided also that nothing in this act shall exempt the real estate of associations from either state, county or municipal taxes to the same extent, according to its value, as other real estate is taxed."

13 Stat. 99, 111, c. 106.

The provision relating to taxation, which, it is alleged, was inserted by way of amendment in the Senate, appears as section 5214 of the Revised Statutes. Other provisions of the act of 1864 are reproduced in sections 5217 and 5218 of the Revised Statutes.

By section 5222 of the Revised Statutes. it is provided:

"Within six months from the date of the vote to go into liquidation, the association shall deposit with the Treasurer of the United States lawful money of the United States sufficient to redeem all its outstanding circulation. The Treasurer shall execute duplicate receipts for money thus deposited, and deliver one to the association and the other to the Comptroller of the Currency, stating the amount received by him, and the purpose for which it has been received, and the money shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States and placed to the credit of such association upon redemption account."

In Field v. Clark, 143 U. S. 649, 143 U. S. 672, in which the constitutionality of the Act of Congress of October 1, 1890, 26 Stat. 567, c. 1244, was questioned upon the ground that a

167 U. S. 201

certain provision which was in it upon its final passage was omitted when the bill was signed by the speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, this Court said:

"The signing by the speaker of the House of Representatives and by the President of the Senate, in open session, of an enrolled bill is an official attestation by the two houses of such bill as one that has passed Congress. It is a declaration by the two houses, through their presiding officers, to the President that a bill thus attested has received, in due form, the sanction of the legislative branch of the government and that it is delivered to him in obedience to the constitutional requirement that all bills which pass Congress shall be presented to him. And when a bill thus attested receives his approval and is deposited in the public archives, its authentication as a bill that has passed Congress should be deemed complete and unimpeachable. As the President has no authority to approve a bill not passed by Congress, an enrolled act in the custody of the Secretary of State, and having the official attestations of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, of the President of the Senate, and of the President of the United States carries on its face a solemn assurance by the legislative and executive departments of the government, charged, respectively, with the duty of enacting and executing the laws, that it was passed by Congress. The respect due to co-equal and independent departments requires the judicial department to act upon that assurance, and to accept, as having passed Congress, all bills authenticated in the manner stated; leaving the courts to determine, when the question properly arises, whether the act so authenticated is in conformity with the Constitution."

Referring to the above case, it was said in Harwood v. Wentworth, 162 U. S. 547, 162 U. S. 560, that if the principle announced in Field v. Clark involves any danger to the public, it was competent for Congress to meet it by declaring under what circumstances, or by what kind of evidence, an enrolled act of Congress or of a territorial legislature, authenticated as required by law, and in the hands of the officer or department to whose custody it was committed by statute, may be shown

167 U. S. 202

not to be in the form in which it was when passed by Congress or by the territorial legislature.

The contention in this case is that the section of the Act of June 3, 1864, providing a national currency secured by a pledge of United States bonds, and for the circulation and redemption thereof, so far as it imposed a tax upon the average amount of the notes of a national banking association in circulation, was a revenue bill within the clause of the Constitution declaring that "all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills," Art. I, § 7; that it appeared from the official journals of the two houses of Congress that while the act of 1864 originated in the House of Representatives, the provision imposing this tax was not in the bill as it passed that body, but originated in the Senate by amendment, and, being accepted by the house, became a part of the statute; that such tax was therefore unconstitutional and void, and that consequently the statute did not justify the action of the defendant.

The case is not one that requires either an extended examination of precedents or a full discussion as to the meaning of the words in the Constitution "bills for raising revenue." What bills belong to that class is a question of such magnitude and importance that it is the part of wisdom not to attempt by any general statement to cover every possible phase of the subject. It is sufficient in the present case to say that an act of Congress providing a national currency secured by a pledge of bonds of the United States, and which, in the furtherance of that object and also to meet the expenses attending the execution of the act, imposed a tax on the notes in circulation of the banking associations organized under the statute is clearly not a revenue bill which the Constitution declares must originate in the House of Representatives. Mr. Justice Story has well said that the practical construction of the Constitution and the history of the origin of the constitutional provision in question prove that revenue bills are those that levy taxes, in the strict sense of the word, and are not bills for other purposes which may incidentally create revenue.

167 U. S. 203

1 Story on Const. § 880. The main purpose that Congress had in view was to provide a national currency based upon United States bonds, and to that end it was deemed wise to impose the tax in question. The tax was a means for effectually accomplishing the great object of giving to the people a currency that would rest primarily upon the honor of the United States, and be available in every part of the country. There was no purpose by the act or by any of its provisions to raise revenue to be applied in meeting the expenses or obligations of the government.

This interpretation of the statute renders it unnecessary to consider whether, for the decision of the question before us, the journals of the two houses of Congress can be referred to for the purpose of determining whether an act duly attested by the official signatures of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President, and which is of record in the State Department as an act passed by Congress, originated in the one body or the other. And, for the reasons stated, it is not necessary to inquire whether, in any view of the case, the defendant would have been personally liable for the tax collected by him pursuant to the act of Congress, and subsequently covered into the Treasury.

Judgment affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE WHITE concurs in the result.

nolu chan  posted on  2016-06-30   20:59:46 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#43. To: nolu chan (#42)

Slightly changing bucks comment should give you your answer: -

- Chief Justice Roberts DECREED that 0bamakare is just another tax, totally ignoring the congressional house of origin.

Get it yet nolu?

Yes, I get it.

Thank you.

All the rest of your reply is mere quibbling, -- by poor, poor frustrated nolu.

You admitted that you misunderstood bucks original comment, yet you continue to spam the issue.

Poor, demented nolu, driven to prove a non important point, his own infallibility..

tpaine  posted on  2016-07-01   12:24:54 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  



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