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Title: Hillary to Speak at Event Named After Slave Owners
Source: The Weekly Standard
URL Source: http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs ... after-slave-owners_977773.html
Published: Jun 25, 2015
Author: Daniel Halper
Post Date: 2015-06-25 13:59:06 by redleghunter
Keywords: None
Views: 665
Comments: 19

Hillary Clinton is scheduled to speak at the Virginia Democratic party's Jefferson-Jackson Dinner on Friday in northern Virgnia. The event is from 2-6 p.m. in Fairfax.

As an announcement on Clinton's website reads:

Hillary Clinton is coming to speak at the Democratic Party of Virginia's Jefferson-Jackson Event! We are taking this opportunity to talk to the hundreds of people who will attend and sign them up as Hillary supporters. Many volunteers will be needed, primarily before the event; you can volunteer AND see Hillary!

Just as the name suggests, the dinner is named for Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Both former presidents of the United States. And both former slave owners.

Regarding Jefferson, CBS has explained that "The author of the Declaration of Independence, who wrote that all men are created equal, owned 600 slaves over his lifetime, and in addition to his legitimate children almost certainly fathered at least six children borne by his slave, Sally Hemings."

Jackson, known affectionately as the people's president, owned about a quarter of the number of slaves as Jefferson. As thehermitage.com reports, "In all reality, slavery was the source of Andrew Jackson’s wealth.

The Hermitage was a 1,000 acre, self-sustaining plantation that relied completely on the labor of enslaved African American men, women, and children. They performed the hard labor that produced The Hermitage’s cash crop, cotton. The more land Andrew Jackson accrued, the more slaves he procured to work it. Thus, the Jackson family’s survival was made possible by the profit garnered from the crops worked by the enslaved on a daily basis.

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#1. To: All, *2016 The Likely Suspects* (#0)

Truly my soul waiteth upon God: from him cometh my salvation. He only is my rock and my salvation; he is my defence; I shall not be greatly moved. (Psalm 62:1-2)

redleghunter  posted on  2015-06-25   14:03:57 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#2. To: redleghunter (#0)

Regarding Jefferson, CBS has explained that "The author of the Declaration of Independence, who wrote that all men are created equal, owned 600 slaves over his lifetime, and in addition to his legitimate children almost certainly fathered at least six children borne by his slave, Sally Hemings."

DNA research has indicated that Jefferson's brother fathered the Hemings children.

Not that facts or science matter to the lib elite.

Tooconservative  posted on  2015-06-25   14:12:27 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#3. To: TooConservative (#2)

DNA research has indicated that Jefferson's brother fathered the Hemings children.

My brother tried to screw my girlfriend.

Some things never change.

Fred Mertz  posted on  2015-06-25   14:15:26 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#4. To: redleghunter (#0)

Hillary is doing/saying racist, bigoted, homophobic things at [FILL IN THE BLANK]

If Hilliary! is doing it, it's okay.

It doesn't matter what Hillary! says or does - just as long as she continues to support abortion on demand.

And oh yes - don't forget the free contraceptives.

People have fought and died for that right, you know, over the last 239 years

Rufus T Firefly  posted on  2015-06-25   14:24:49 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#5. To: redleghunter (#0)

you can volunteer AND see Hillary!

Thanks,but I'm going to volunteer to NOT see her.

Not even going to think about her if I can help it.

Why is democracy held in such high esteem when it’s the enemy of the minority and makes all rights relative to the dictates of the majority? (Ron Paul,2012)

sneakypete  posted on  2015-06-25   14:43:20 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#6. To: TooConservative (#2)

DNA research has indicated that Jefferson's brother fathered the Hemings children.

Yeah,but not very politically correct.

There was always a question about who was humping Sally,and Thomas Jefferson was always the least likely suspect.

His brother or nephew being de baybay daddy doesn't sound as exciting,though.

Why is democracy held in such high esteem when it’s the enemy of the minority and makes all rights relative to the dictates of the majority? (Ron Paul,2012)

sneakypete  posted on  2015-06-25   14:46:03 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#7. To: TooConservative, redleghunter (#2)

Regarding Jefferson, CBS has explained that "The author of the Declaration of Independence, who wrote that all men are created equal, owned 600 slaves over his lifetime, and in addition to his legitimate children almost certainly fathered at least six children borne by his slave, Sally Hemings."

DNA research has indicated that Jefferson's brother fathered the Hemings children.

Not that facts or science matter to the lib elite.

It was also claimed the Jefferson's nephews Peter and Samuel Carr fathered the Hemings children.

The results of DNA tests conducted by Dr. Eugene Foster and a team of geneticists in 1998 challenged the view that the Jefferson-Hemings relationship could be neither refuted nor substantiated . The study--which tested Y- chromosomal DNA samples from male-line descendants of Field Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson's uncle), John Carr (grandfather of Jefferson's Carr nephews), Eston Hemings, and Thomas Woodson--indicated a genetic link between the Jefferson and Hemings descendants. The results of the study established that an individual carrying the male Jefferson Y chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808), the last known child born to Sally Hemings. There were approximately 25 adult male Jeffersons who carried this chromosome living in Virginia at that time, and a few of them are known to have visited Monticello. The study's authors, however, said "the simplest and most probable" conclusion was that Thomas Jefferson had fathered Eston Hemings. [source]

Whether Thomas Jefferson fathered the Hemings children or not, he OWNED SLAVES and therefore all US dollar bills with Jefferson’s picture appearing on them should returned in the Treasury, removed from circulation and sent to me ….Immediately!

Gatlin  posted on  2015-06-25   14:56:01 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#8. To: TooConservative, Gatlin, TooConservative (#2)

The DNA study can only relate the Hemings line to the Jefferson line DNA. For those who do not know, Sally Hemings was three-quarters white, and believed to be a half-sister to Jefferson's deceased wife (d. September 6, 1782).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy

Historically, in the 1850s Jefferson's eldest grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, told historian Henry Randall that the late Peter Carr, a married nephew of Jefferson's (the son of his sister), had fathered Hemings' children, and asked Randall not to address the issue in his biography. Randall did pass this information to James Parton, another historian. Parton published the Carr story and major historians of Jefferson generally asserted the denial of Jefferson's paternity for nearly 150 years.

While some historians and others challenged the denial, for many a changed consensus did not emerge until after a Y-DNA analysis done in 1998. The DNA study showed a match between a descendant of the Jefferson male line and a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally's youngest son. It showed no match between the Carr line and the Hemings descendant, nor between the Jefferson line and Thomas Woodson descendants, who had an oral history of descent.

In 2000, a consensus emerged among historians that the entirety of the evidence suggests Jefferson's paternity for all of Hemings' children. The Monticello foundation commissioned its own study, which in 2001 concluded Jefferson was likely the father of Eston Hemings and the other children. Since then the organization has reflected this change in its exhibits, as well as publications about Jefferson and his times. The revelations have stimulated works by a variety of scholars who use the new consensus as a basis for studies into Jefferson, the Hemings family, and interracial American society.

[...]

Sally Hemings had four children who survived. In the antebellum period, hers would have been called a "shadow family". Sally Hemings was also a child from a shadow family: historians believe her father to be John Wayles, who as a widower had a 12-year liaison with his mulatto slave Betty Hemings and fathered six children with her. These children were three-quarters white, and half-siblings to Jefferson's wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Sally Hemings is the youngest child of this shadow family.

nolu chan  posted on  2015-06-25   15:16:55 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#9. To: nolu chan, TooConservative, redleghunter (#8)

....the entirety of the evidence suggests Jefferson's paternity for all of Hemings' children. T

Further evidence that "all US dollar bills with Jefferson’s picture appearing on them should returned in the Treasury, removed from circulation and sent to me ….Immediately!"

I will cut you guys in....what percentage is fair?

Four-way-even-split....should work.

Gatlin  posted on  2015-06-25   15:26:23 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#10. To: Gatlin, TooConservative, redleghunter (#7)

Whether Thomas Jefferson fathered the Hemings children or not, he OWNED SLAVES and therefore all US dollar bills with Jefferson’s picture appearing on them should returned in the Treasury, removed from circulation and sent to me ….Immediately!

Ditto Washington on the dollar bill died a slaveholder, contrary to any mythology that he freed his slaves at some point in his lifetime. Martha Washington freed his slaves after he was dead.

Grant was also a slaveholder.

Madison too. With two slave owner authors, clearly the Federalist Papers should be relegated to museums only.

When Madison became President, he sold a slave (John Freeman) for $231.81 to his successor, James Monroe.

Lincoln's inlaws owned a bunch of slaves and the Lincoln's may have employed the services of a slave in Illinois.

And there is always his 1862 offer to buy a slave. See the Marquette Law Review article.

http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5018&context=mulr

http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol93/iss4/32/

Jerrica A. Giles and Allen C. Guelzo, Colonel Utley's Empancipation--or, How Lincoln Offered to Buy a Slave, 93 Marq. L. Rev. 1263 (2010).

And there was the litigation to obtain profits from the selling of the Todd family slaves. After, money is money.

"... from 1850 until 1862, Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, were embroiled in litigation in Kentucky over the settlement of the estate of Mary's father, litigation that netted the Lincolns a share of the proceeds of selling the Todd family slaves."

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Allen C. Guelzo, Simon and Schuster, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-2182-6, p. 23

http://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/Newsletters/3-3.pdf

For the People
A News Letter of the Abraham Lincoln Association
Volume 3, Number 3
Autumn 2001
Springfield, Illinois

Did the Lincoln Family Employ a Slave in 1849-1850?
by Allen C. Guelzo

nolu chan  posted on  2015-06-25   16:17:41 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#11. To: nolu chan (#10)

Ditto Washington on the dollar bill died a slaveholder, contrary to any mythology that he freed his slaves at some point in his lifetime. Martha Washington freed his slaves after he was dead.

Washington was a reluctant slaveowner. His wife inherited some ground and some slaves. He tried to hire an overseer since, being the biggest distiller in the colonies, he didn't want to bother with it. It was not a profitable venture and problems continued over time.

At the time of his death, they were emancipated. You get the impression that Washington thought they were just a big headache. His wife apparently was attached to keeping the farm running and for that they needed slaves to work the land. So Washington was forced into it by (the slavedriver) Martha and her daddy.

Tooconservative  posted on  2015-06-25   19:01:21 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#12. To: redleghunter (#0)

The rules for everyone else don't apply to the Clinton's.

Why is democracy held in such high esteem when it’s the enemy of the minority and makes all rights relative to the dictates of the majority? (Ron Paul,2012)

sneakypete  posted on  2015-06-25   19:51:44 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#13. To: TooConservative (#11)

At the time of his death, they were emancipated.

No, they were not.

nolu chan  posted on  2015-06-26   18:37:01 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#14. To: Fred Mertz (#3) (Edited)

My brother tried to screw my girlfriend.

You should apply for the Jerry Springer show. They love to show off white trash.

cranko  posted on  2015-06-26   19:16:55 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#15. To: cranko (#14)

cranko, I ain't white.

Fred Mertz  posted on  2015-06-26   19:59:19 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#16. To: nolu chan (#13)

No, they were not.

They were manumitted. I always think that is the same thing.

Martha's heirs apparently did not honor his will.

Tooconservative  posted on  2015-06-26   23:10:32 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#17. To: TooConservative (#16)

[TooConservative #11] Washington was a reluctant slaveowner. His wife inherited some ground and some slaves. He tried to hire an overseer since, being the biggest distiller in the colonies, he didn't want to bother with it. It was not a profitable venture and problems continued over time.

At the time of his death, they were emancipated. You get the impression that Washington thought they were just a big headache. His wife apparently was attached to keeping the farm running and for that they needed slaves to work the land. So Washington was forced into it by (the slavedriver) Martha and her daddy.

[nolu chan #13] No. they were not.

[TooConservative #16] They were manumitted. I always think that is the same thing.

Martha's heirs apparently did not honor his will.

No, George Washington never freed or manumitted his slaves, except one, his personal servant, William Lee. I surmise that you have never read the actual last will and testament.

George Washington was one of the richest men in America, the richest, or one of the richest, presidents ever. He had his own slaves and Martha had her dower slaves.

George expressed his earnest will that the slaves he personally owned be freed after the death of Martha and explained that "To emancipate them during her life, would, tho' earnestly wished by me, be attended with such insuperable difficulties" because of their intermixture with the dower slaves of Martha. He could not free Martha's dower slaves.

http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2012/12/george_washington_slave_owner_and_the_people_he_owned.html

Washington and his wife Martha together owned about 200 slaves at the beginning of the Revolution, but at the end of his life the couple owned 317 slaves together. And at least two of these became quite famous, for very different reasons.

William "Billy" Lee, Washington's personal servant, was the only slave whom Washington freed outright upon the former president's death (all the others were to be freed upon his wife's death, though she freed them 12 months after Washington passed). He is depicted looking adoringly at his master in John Trumbull's famous painting of the president of 1780 (pictured above), standing faithfully by his side.

At the other extreme of attitudes toward the master of Mount Vernon, however, stands another slave. He was a fascinating rebel named Harry, whose life and times have been painstakingly recreated by the historian Cassandra Pybus. And Harry's dogged determination to be free suggests that not all of the slaves found Washington to be the benevolent master whom historians have depicted.

Harry's first escape from Mount Vernon occurred on July 29, 1771. Washington was not amused: He "paid one pound and sixteen shillings to advertise for the recovery of his property," Pybus tells us in the book The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000. Harry was returned a few weeks later. Undaunted and determined to be free, Harry awaited a second chance.

That would come in the early years of the Revolution, on Nov. 14, 1775, when John Murray, the fourth Earl of Dunmore and the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia, issued an astonishing proclamation that freed any slaves who were willing to bear arms for the British Crown. Slaves ran away in droves. Dunmore himself reported that by the end of November, "two and three hundred already [have] come in and these I form into a Corps as fast as they come."

Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "George Washington's Runaway Slave, Harry," The Root, December 10, 2012

Far from the Martha's heirs not honoring his will, Martha sort of did not honor his will to see that the slaves were freed after her death. Martha voluntarily freed them about a year after his death.

http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001

It is a long will. There is a long list of properties.

George Washington

In the name of God, Amen.

I, GEORGE WASHINGTON of Mount Vernon, a citizen of the United States, and lately President of the same, do make, ordain and declare this Instrument; which is written with my own hand and every page thereof subscribed with my name, to be my last Will & Testament, revoking all others.

Imprimus. All my debts, of which there are but few, and none of magnitude, are to be punctually and speedily paid; and the Legacies hereinafter bequeathed, are to be discharged as soon as circumstances will permit, and in the manner directed.

Item To my dearly beloved wife Martha Washington I give and bequeath the use, profit and benefit of my whole Estate, real and personal, for the term of her natural life; except such parts thereof as are specially disposed of hereafter: My improved lot in the Town of Alexandria, situated on Pitt and Cameron Streets, I give to her & her heirs forever; as I also do my household and kitchen furniture of every sort and kind, with the liquors and groceries which may be on hand at the time of my decease; to be used and disposed of as she may think proper.

Item Upon the decease of my wife, it is my Will and desire, that all the slaves which I hold in my own right, shall receive their freedom. To emancipate them during her life, would, tho' earnestly wished by me, be attended with such insuperable difficulties on account of their intermixture by Marriages with the Dower Negroes, as to excite the most painful sensations, if not disagreeable consequences from the latter, while both descriptions are in the occupancy or the same Proprietor; it not being in my power, under the tenure by which the Dower Negroes are held, to manumit them.

[snip]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_net_worth

According to Wikipedia, George Washington ranks behind only JFK as the wealthiest president in history.

The property listing in his will leaves no doubt that he was wealthy. It is a list that would make Donald Trump proud. Adjusted for inflation to 2010 dollars, Washington's wealth is estimated to be $525,000,000 dollars. He could have afforded to do whatever he wanted. This Washington mythology is as bad as Lincoln mythology.

Third on the wealth chart for presidents is Thomas Jefferson, estimated at $212 million. He did not free his slaves either.

Another source puts George Washington in first place.

http://www.georgetowner.com/articles/2012/feb/07/wealth-presidents/

The Wealth of Presidents

BY DAVID POST | FEBRUARY 7TH, 2012

How rich is Mitt Romney compared to other presidents?

His most recent tax return reported about $8 million in interest and dividend income. If he’s earning 3 percent on his investments, that means he’s worth a cool quarter billion.

So, where would that rank? He’d be behind only President George Washington, but, unlike Washington and most wealthy presidents, Romney didn’t inherit his wealth. He earned it.

No. 1 -- George Washington

George Washington was not only “first in the hearts of his countrymen,” but he was also the richest president in our nation’s history.

How do we measure Washington’s wealth? Measuring across centuries has its challenges. One approach is to estimate the value of his property when he was alive and adjust for inflation. Another is to look at his wealth as a percentage of gross domestic product. A third is to compare his income to the national budget. Each approach leads to huge numbers.

For the first 100 years of our nation, wealth was measured mostly by land and slaves. Washington inherited ten slaves from his father at age eleven. He eventually owned more than 8,000 acres of prime farmland near what is now Washington, D.C., and more than 300 slaves. His wife, Martha, was also very wealthy, both from her dowry and inheritance from her first husband, one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. She inherited one-third of his 17,000 acres of land and 300 slaves as well as $129,650 in Colonial Virginia currency estimated by historians at Washington and Lee University to be worth $6 million in 1986. At the time of his death, Washington’s land, slaves, house, horses and personal belongings were worth about $525,000, which has been estimated to be worth $525 million today.

In 1996, a study to calculate the 100 richest people ever in the U.S. ranked Washington 59th, the only president on the list. His net worth was estimated to be 1/777, or 0.13 percent, of GDP. By that measure, John D. Rockefeller was the wealthiest American ever. His wealth equaled 1.5 percent of GDP. Bill Gates worth about $60 billion, or about 0.4 percent of GDP, would be in the top ten. Washington’s salary as president was 2 percent of the Federal budget in 1789, which would amount to $60 billion today. To be fair, the budget was different 225 years ago, when there was no income tax and most federal government spending was defense. Even so, 2 percent of today’s defense budget would be $2 billion per year.

For his time, Washington was incredibly wealthy, but he didn’t have air conditioning or toilets. He got strep throat riding his horse in the snow and died two days later. Today, a common antibiotic would have had him back on his horse within days.

The above article cites the same wealth as Wikipedia but cites less personal wealth for JFK, putting him in fourth, behind Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt.

nolu chan  posted on  2015-06-27   2:16:31 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#18. To: nolu chan (#17)

I thought that she was willing but that her heirs seized them. Her relatives (a nephew or two) ended up with nearly all of them as I recall.

The issue of dower slaves seems to have been a special case. While women had limited property rights during this era, a dower slave could not be disposed of by a husband as I understand it. If Washington freed his slaves who were intermarried with Martha's, he would have split those families up. Doing so was considered cruel and scandalous among the northern planters but occurred routinely in the deep South.

Tooconservative  posted on  2015-06-27   6:16:47 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


#19. To: TooConservative (#18)

The law of femes covert applied to married women, not all women.

The fact remains that George Washington bought slaves but never freed his slaves. Martha Washington freed George's more than 130 slaves a year after he died, as "In the state in which they were left by the General, to be free at her death, she did not feel as tho her Life was safe in their Hands." As President, Washington cycled his house slaves in and out of the presidential mansion at six-month intervals so they did not acquire a claim to freedom.

Martha never freed her dower slaves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverture

Principle of coverture

Under traditional English common law, an adult unmarried woman was considered to have the legal status of feme sole, while a married woman had the status of feme covert. These terms are English spellings of medieval Anglo-Norman phrases (the modern standard French spellings would be femme seule "single woman" and femme couverte, literally "covered woman").

The principle of coverture was described in William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England in the late 18th century:

By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called in our law-French a feme-covert; is said to be covert-baron, or under the protection and influence of her husband, her baron, or lord; and her condition during her marriage is called her coverture. Upon this principle, of a union of person in husband and wife, depend almost all the legal rights, duties, and disabilities, that either of them acquire by the marriage. I speak not at present of the rights of property, but of such as are merely personal. For this reason, a man cannot grant any thing to his wife, or enter into covenant with her: for the grant would be to suppose her separate existence; and to covenant with her, would be only to covenant with himself: and therefore it is also generally true, that all compacts made between husband and wife, when single, are voided by the intermarriage.

A feme sole had the right to own property and make contracts in her own name, while a feme covert was not recognized as having legal rights and obligations distinct from those of her husband in most respects. Instead, through marriage a woman's existence was incorporated into that of her husband, so that she had very few recognized individual rights of her own. As it has been pithily expressed, husband and wife were one person as far as the law was concerned, and that person was the husband. A married woman could not own property, sign legal documents or enter into a contract, obtain an education against her husband's wishes, or keep a salary for herself. If a wife was permitted to work, under the laws of coverture, she was required to relinquish her wages to her husband. In certain cases, a wife did not have individual legal liability for her misdeeds since it was legally assumed that she was acting under the orders of her husband, and generally a husband and a wife were not allowed to testify either for or against each other.

A queen of England, whether she was a queen consort or a queen regnant, was generally exempted from the legal requirements of coverture, as understood by Blackstone.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington

Dower slaves, estate and death

Following the 1757 death of Martha's first husband, the widow received a "dower share," the lifetime use of (and income from) one-third of his estate, with the other two-thirds held in trust for their minor children. The full Custis estate contained plantations and farms totaling about 27 square miles (70 km2), and 285 enslaved men, women, and children attached to those holdings. In 1759, Martha's dower share included at least 85 slaves; she also would control any children they had, who became part of the dower.

Upon his 1759 marriage to Martha, George Washington became the legal manager of the Custis estate, under court oversight. Estate records indicate that Martha Washington continued to purchase supplies, manage paid staff, and make many other decisions.[citation needed] Although the Washingtons wielded managerial control over the whole estate, they received income only from Martha's "dower" third. The remainder went to the trust.

Washington used his wife's great wealth to buy land and slaves; he more than tripled the size of Mount Vernon (2,650 acres (10.7 km2) in 1757; 8,251 acres (33.39 km2) in 1787). For more than 40 years, her "dower" slaves farmed the plantation alongside her husband's. The Washingtons could not sell Custis land or slaves, which were held in trust first for Martha's only surviving child John Custis, who died during the Revolution, and then his heirs. Some slaves owned by the Washingtons married, forming linked families. If the slave mother was part of the dower group of slaves, so too were her children.

Seven of the nine slaves whom President Washington brought to Philadelphia (the national capital, 1790–1800) to work in the President's House were "dowers." Pennsylvania passed a gradual abolition law in 1780, under which non-residents were allowed to hold slaves in the state for up to 6 months; after that date, they could claim freedom. The Washingtons rotated their President's House slaves in and out of the state before the 6-month deadline to prevent their establishing residency (and legally qualifying for manumission). Washington reasoned that should the "dowers" attain their freedom due to his negligence, he might be liable to the Custis estate for their value.

Martha Washington was upset when her lady's maid Oney Judge, a "dower" slave, escaped in 1796 from the Philadelphia household during Washington's second term. According to interviews with Judge in the 1840s, the First Lady had promised the young woman as a wedding gift to her granddaughter Elizabeth Parke Custis in Virginia and Judge feared she would never gain freedom. She hid with free black friends in the city, who helped arrange her travel by ship to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. There she married and had three children. Patricia Brady, in her 2005 biography of Martha Washington, writes:

"Martha felt a responsibility for the unsophisticated girl under her care, especially since her mother and sister were expecting to see her back at Mount Vernon. What she could never understand was that [Oney had...] a simple desire to be free. Ona, as she preferred to call herself, wanted to live where she pleased, do what work she pleased, and learn to read and write [...] Ona Judge professed a great regard for Martha and the way she had been treated, but she couldn't face a future as a slave for herself and her children."

Washington's slave Hercules, who had worked as his chief cook at the President's House (Philadelphia) before being returned to Mount Vernon in 1796, escaped from there on February 22, 1797. He was known to have traveled to Philadelphia and by December 1801 was living in New York City. His six-year-old daughter, still enslaved at Mount Vernon, told a visitor that she was glad her father was free.

By 1799 the number of Martha Washington's "dower" slaves had grown to 153; George Washington owned 124 people, and at least a dozen Washington-owned slaves intermarried. Washington's will stipulated that his own slaves were to be set free after his wife's death so that intermarried families would not be broken up.

In January 1801 Martha freed her husband's slaves, just over a year after his death. Just a few weeks earlier in December, Abigail Adams, wife of the second President, had visited Mount Vernon and wrote: "Many of those who are liberated have married with what are called the dower Negroes, so that they all quit their [family] connections, yet what could she do?" Mrs. Adams suggested a motive for Martha to have freed Washington's slaves early:

"In the state in which they were left by the General, to be free at her death, she did not feel as tho her Life was safe in their Hands, many of whom would be told that it was [in] their interest to get rid of her–She therefore was advised to set them all free at the close of the year.–" (A. A. to Mary Cranch, 21 December 1800)

While she lived, Martha emancipated none of her own slaves and when she died, on May 22, 1802 at the age of 70, all of her human property went to her inheritors. Martha's four grandchildren, the children of the late John (Jacky) Custis inherited her "dower" slaves. Elisha, the one slave she owned outright, was bequeathed to her grandson George Washington Parke Custis.

nolu chan  posted on  2015-06-29   1:43:00 ET  Reply   Trace   Private Reply  


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