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Historical
See other Historical Articles

Title: Who Won The War Of 1812?
Source: SOSO
URL Source: http://news.wypr.org/post/who-won-war-1812
Published: Jan 21, 2015
Author: Joe McCord
Post Date: 2015-01-21 19:17:39 by SOSO
Keywords: None
Views: 14751
Comments: 35

Who Won The War Of 1812? By Joel McCord • Jun 14, 2013

If you ask the average American about the War of 1812, you’ll probably hear about Fort McHenry, the Star Spangled Banner and maybe the Battle of New Orleans. But ask your average Brit and you may get a blank stare. The war we call our “second war of independence,” the one in which we threw off the British for good, doesn’t even register in the United Kingdom.

Andrew Lambert, a professor of Naval History at Kings College, the University of London, says the British were in the middle of the Napoleonic Wars at the time, trying to hold off one of the greatest generals ever. And they were quite proud of having defeated Napoleon, the ultimate modern warrior, at Trafalgar and Waterloo. "James Madison,” he says, “really doesn’t cut the mustard when it comes to heroes we’ve beaten. You don’t feel big about yourself by beating up James Madison. He’s not, you know, it doesn’t register.”

In fact, President Madison and the U.S. were the aggressors, says Don Graves, a Canadian historian. “Come on, we weren’t doing anything. What were Canadians doing? We were 600,000 people, one tenth the population of the United States. We had really nothing to do with the origins of the war,” Graves says.

Lambert and Graves are among nearly 50 scholars presenting papers this week at “From Enemies to Allies,” a conference on the War of 1812 at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. Graves argues that part of the US war aim was to wrest Canada from the British. He says American historians contest the idea that Canada was the object of the war. But whether it was or not, it was “the only place the United States could fight a war against Great Britain.” With a navy a tenth the size of the Royal Navy, the U.S. certainly couldn’t take on the British on the high seas.

But Don Hickey, a professor of history at Wayne State College in Nebraska, says that’s one of many myths surrounding the War of 1812. The U.S. went to war over British maritime policies, he argues; the Orders in Council, which restricted U.S. trade with countries under the dominion of Napoleon, and the British practice of impressing American merchant seamen into the Royal Navy. “Canada was the means to achieve concessions on the maritime issues,” he says, “not an end in and of itself. Although if we had conquered Canada it’s possible we would not have given it up.” Because the Canadians weren’t part of the run-up to the war, it looks to them as if the United States “simply invaded Canada, hoping to conquer and annex it,” he says.

Despite their disagreements about the start of the war, they agree about the end. The British won, despite what Americans may think. The British kept Canada, as well as the maritime policies that Americans say were the reason for the war. Still, almost everyone involved walked off happy. The Americans are happy because they think they won. The Canadians were happier because they know they won--they remained part of the British Empire. And the British are happiest because they’ve forgotten all about it.

The only losers were the native peoples living east of the Mississippi River. They were pushed off their lands, driven west of the river and in some cases forced onto reservations.

This story is part of our series “Rockets’ Red Glare: The War, the Song and Their Legacies,” made possible by a grant from Star Spangled 200, a national bicentennial in Maryland.

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Begin Trace Mode for Comment # 1.

#1. To: Vicomte13, cranky (#0)

This author would call it 3-0 for Victomte13.

SOSO  posted on  2015-01-21   19:25:06 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


Replies to Comment # 1.

#2. To: Vicomte13, cranky (#1)

This source probably calls a 2-2 draw.

"Dec 24, 1814: War of 1812 ends

Previous DayDecember 24CalendarNext Day.

0

The Treaty of Peace and Amity between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America is signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.

In June 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain in reaction to three issues: the British economic blockade of France, the induction of thousands of neutral American seamen into the British Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier. A faction of Congress, made up mostly of western and southern congressmen, had been advocating the declaration of war for several years. These "War Hawks," as they were known, hoped that war with Britain, which was preoccupied with its struggle against Napoleonic France, would result in U.S. territorial gains in Canada and British-protected Florida.

In the months following the U.S. declaration of war, American forces launched a three-point invasion of Canada, all of which were repulsed. At sea, however, the United States was more successful, and the USS Constitution and other American frigates won a series of victories over British warships. In 1813, American forces won several key victories in the Great Lakes region, but Britain regained control of the sea and blockaded the eastern seaboard.

In 1814, with the downfall of Napoleon, the British were able to allocate more military resources to the American war, and Washington, D.C., fell to the British in August. In Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol, and other buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. soldiers. The British soon retreated, however, and Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor withstood a massive British bombardment and inspired Francis Scott Key to pen the "Star-Spangled Banner."

On September 11, 1814, the tide of the war turned when Thomas Macdonough's American naval force won a decisive victory at the Battle of Plattsburg Bay on Lake Champlain. A large British army under Sir George Prevost was thus forced to abandon its invasion of the U.S. northeast and retreat to Canada. The American victory on Lake Champlain led to the conclusion of U.S.-British peace negotiations in Belgium, and on December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the war. Although the treaty said nothing about two of the key issues that started the war--the rights of neutral U.S. vessels and the impressment of U.S. sailors--it did open up the Great Lakes region to American expansion and was hailed as a diplomatic victory in the United States.

News of the treaty took almost two months to cross the Atlantic, and British forces were not informed of the end of hostilities in time to end their drive against the mouth of the Mississippi River. On January 8, 1815, a large British army attacked New Orleans and was decimated by an inferior American force under General Andrew Jackson in the most spectacular U.S. victory of the war. The American public heard of the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent at approximately the same time, fostering a greater sentiment of self-confidence and shared identity throughout the young republic."

SOSO  posted on  2015-01-21 19:31:40 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


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