LF: Chapter 25 Does Archaeology Support the Bible?

In every area, the evidence has been forthcoming: God has vindicated His Word, and His Book is a genuine writing, with prophecies and revelation that must be taken seriously.

Follow the biblical record from Genesis to Revelation! This informative and beautiful book reveals discoveries that either confirm or illustrate the biblical narrative with over 200 full color images.

It is a biblical principle that matters of testimony should be established by the mouths of two or three witnesses. According to Hebrew law, no person could be found guilty of an offense without properly attested evidence from witnesses, even though this law was put aside at the trial of Jesus.

When it comes to the Word of God, a similar principle is demonstrated from the modern science of archaeology. We are told in Psalm 85:11, “Truth shall spring out of the earth,” and in Psalm 119:89, “Forever, O Lord, Your word is settled in heaven.” God’s Word is sure. It outlasts human generations, and in His own time God vindicates its truth. This puts God’s Word in a unique category: it is the “other side” of the two-way communication pattern between God and man. Man’s speech distinguishes him uniquely from all the animals, and God’s written Word distinguishes His special communication to man as immeasurably superior to all other supposed revelations.

According to that biblical principle of “two or three witnesses,” we shall now select evidences that support the truth and accuracy of God’s Word. In every area, the evidence has been forthcoming: God has vindicated His Word, and His Book is a genuine writing, with prophecies and revelation that must be taken seriously. His Book is unique because it is His Book.

Those inspired men of old wrote down God’s message, applicable to themselves in their own times, and also applicable to men and women across the centuries, right down to the present century. The Bible is the “other side” of the Christian’s study of the miracle of language. It is God’s chosen way of revealing His thoughts—the deep things which are unsearchable except by the revelation of the Holy Spirit.

In the following outline we suggest certain divisions of the Word of God. Then we list three significant evidences from archaeology to confirm that the witness is sufficient to cause the case to be accepted for each section—God’s Word is indeed Truth.

Major Evidences Regarding Genesis 1–11

One of the Babylonian Creation Tablets, Enuma Elish

Part of the Gilgamesh Epic

Genesis 1–11 is the “seed-plot of the Bible,” an introduction to Abraham and great doctrines, such as God the Creator, Friend, Revealer, Judge, Redeemer, Restorer, and Sustainer. It is actual history, and it is a summary of beginnings.

Enuma Elish—This is the Babylonian Creation Record. We also have the Ebla Creation Tablet. The Bible record is clearly superior to this as the Enuma Elish has creation from pre-existing matter, which really isn’t creation at all. The Bible is the true account of this historical event.
The Epic of Gilgamesh includes the Babylonian Flood Story. Again, the biblical record is greatly superior. As Nozomi Osanai wrote in her master’s thesis on a comparison between Noah’s Flood and the Gilgamish Epic, “According to the specifics, scientific reliability, internal consistency, the correspondence to the secular records, and the existence of common elements among the flood traditions around the world, the Genesis account seems to be more acceptable as an accurate historical record.”1
Long-living Kings at Kish (Sumer)—These kings supposedly lived from 10,000 to 64,000 years ago. The Bible’s record is conservative and is the true account, while the Babylonian and other traditions have been embellished over time. It was later realized that the Babylonians had two bases for arithmetic calculations, based on either tens or sixties. When the records were retranslated using the system of tens rather than sixties, they came to a total within 200 years of the biblical record.

Major Evidences Regarding Genesis 11–36

This section contains Patriarchal records, with special reference to Abraham, the father of the Hebrews.

Abraham’s home city of Ur was excavated by Sir Leonard Woolley, with surprising evidence of near-luxury.2
The customs of Patriarchal times, as described in the Bible, are endorsed by archaeological finds at such places as Ur, Mari, Boghazkoi, and Nineveh. These were written records from that day—not just put down in writing many centuries later. They bear the marks of eyewitness reporting.

Ur Nammu, the king of Ur who claimed to build a famous tower

Thus, Abraham’s relationship with Hagar is seen in a different light by understanding that the woman who could not personally bear a child for her husband should provide him with one of her maidservants. In the Bible record we are told that it was Sarah who made the approach to Abraham, and her maid Hagar was a willing accomplice in having Abraham’s child. Thus, she gained economic security and personal prestige. We stress it was not Abraham who made the first approach to Hagar, but Abraham’s wife Sarah did in keeping with the customs of the day.

The records of the five kings who fought against four kings (Genesis 14) are interesting, in that the names of the people concerned fit the known words and names of the times.
Abraham’s negotiations with the Hittites (Genesis 23) are accurate and follow the known forms of such Hittite transactions. Neo-Hittites came later, but there were distinct language relationships. The Bible was right in calling the earlier people “sons of Hatti” or “Hittites.”

Interestingly, the Hittite word for retainers, which means “servants trained in a man’s own household” is hanakim (Genesis 14:14). This term is used only here in the Bible. Execration texts of the Egyptians (found on fragments of ceramic pots, which seem to have been used in ritual magic cursing of surrounding peoples) gives us the meaning of this term, and it is correctly used in the Bible record in Genesis 14.

Major Evidences Regarding Genesis 37–50

This section tells us the history of Joseph, the son of Jacob and great-grandson of Abraham. His brothers sell him to the Ishmaelites who sell him to an Egyptian eunuch. Joseph becomes successful in Egypt and helps to settle all of Israel there.

Known Egyptian titles such as “captain of the guard” (Genesis 39:1), “overseer” (Genesis 39:4), “chief of the butlers” and “chief of the bakers” (Genesis 40:2), “father to the Pharaoh” (actually “father to the gods,” which to Joseph was blasphemous because he could not accept Pharaoh as a manifestation of Ra the sun god; Joseph Hebraized the title, so that he did not dishonor the Lord), “Lord of Pharaoh’s House” (the palace), and “Ruler of all Egypt” (Genesis 45:8) attest to the historicity of this account.
Joseph’s installation as vizier (chief minister) is very similar to other recorded ceremonies. His new name was Zaphnath-Paaneah, meaning “head of the sacred college” (Genesis 41:41–45). Other Egyptian phrases and other local color are also plentiful throughout the record (e.g., embalming and burial practices [Genesis 50]).
The Dead Sea Scrolls make the number of the people of Jacob 75, not 70, in Genesis 46:27, thus correcting a scribal error and showing that Stephen’s figure was right (Acts 7:14).3

Major Evidences Regarding Exodus to Deuteronomy

The Eshnunna Law Code dating to c.1900 BC

These are the other four books of the Pentateuch, written by Moses, and probably at times in consultation with Aaron, the chief priest, and Joshua, the military leader.

The Law of Moses was written by a man raised in the courts of pharaoh, and it was greatly superior to other law codes, such as those of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, and the Eshnunna code that was found near modern Baghdad.
The covenant forms of the writings of Moses follow the same format as those of the Hittites, as endorsed by Professor George Mendenhall. The law code is a unity, dating to about 1500 BC (the time of Moses). These writings come from one source only, and there is no one to fit this requirement at this time except Moses. Ethical concepts of the Law were not too early for Moses, despite earlier hypercriticism. (Ebla tablets from Syria pre-date Moses and, for example, include penalties against rape.)

At this point it is relevant to comment on two world-famous archaeologists with whom I had the privilege of working as an area supervisor with the American Schools of Oriental Research at the excavation of Gezer in Israel many years ago. Each of them (at two separate excavations) gave wonderful lectures to 140 American college students.

At the time of his lecture, Professor Nelson Glueck stated, “I have excavated for thirty years with a Bible in one hand and a trowel in the other, and in matters of historical perspective I have never found the Bible to be in error.” Being a world-class Jewish scholar, Professor Glueck would have meant the Old Testament when he referred to the Bible, but it is also true that at least on one occasion, to my knowledge, he defended the accuracy of the New Testament writings as well.

The other lecture was given by Professor George Ernest Wright of Harvard University. He spoke on the validity of the writings of Moses, especially the covenant documents in the Pentateuch. He stated that the research of Professor George Mendenhall had led to the conclusion—with which he agreed—that the covenant documents of Moses were a unity and must be dated to approximately 1500 BC.

In further conversation after the lecture, Professor Wright told me that he had lectured for 30 years to graduate students—especially at Harvard—and he had told them that they could forget Moses in the Pentateuch. He now acknowledged that for thirty years he had been wrong, and that Moses really had been personally involved in the actual writing of the Pentateuch.
The ten plagues or judgments against the leading gods of Egypt (Exodus 12:12) are seen as real judgments, with a leading god of Egypt selected for judgment with each of the plagues.

Major Evidences Regarding Joshua to Saul

Canaanite deities, Baal and Asherah

This section includes the conquest, the judges, and the early kingdom.

Deities such as Baal, Asherah, and Dagan are properly identified in association with the right people.
City-states are also identified (e.g., Hazor as “the head of those kingdoms” [Joshua 11:10]. The excavation of Hazor corroborated its great size).
Saul’s head and armor were put into two temples at Beth-Shan. Both Philistine and Canaanite temples were found. The Bible record was endorsed when such an endorsement seemed unlikely (1 Samuel 31:9–10 and 1 Chronicles 10:10).

Major Evidences Regarding David to Solomon

At this time the Kingdom of Israel is established.

David’s elegy at Saul’s death is an accurate reflection of the literary style of his times. Excavations at Ras Shamra (the ancient Ugarit in Syria) clarified various expressions, such as “upsurgings of the deep” instead of “fields of offerings” as in 2 Samuel 1:21.
Following the discovery of the Ugaritic library, it has become clear that the Psalms of David should be dated to his times and not to the Maccabean period, 800 years later, as critics claimed. The renowned scholar William Foxwell Albright wrote, “To suggest that the Psalms of David should be dated to the Maccabean period is absurd.”4
Solomonic cities such as Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer (1 Kings 9:15) have been excavated. Solomon even used similar blueprints for some duplicated buildings.

The entrance to the Solomonic City of Gezer

Major Evidences Regarding the Assyrian Period

King Sargon of Assyria, mentioned at Isaiah 20:1

Part of a pathway excavated by Dr. Clifford Wilson between Sennacherib’s palace and the temple where his sons killed him

This was the time of “The Reign of Terror,” not long after Solomon’s death.

Isaiah 20:1 was challenged by critics because they knew of no king named Sargon in lists of Assyrian kings. Now Sargon’s palace has been recovered at Khorsabad, including a wall inscription and a library record endorsing the battle against the Philistine city of Ashdod (mentioned in Isaiah 20:1).
Assyrian titles such as tartan (commander-in-chief ), and several others, are used casually yet confidently by Bible writers.

Other Assyrian titles such as rabmag, rabshakeh, and tipsarru were also used by Bible writers. As the Assyrians disappeared from history after the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, this retention of “obsolete” words is a strong pointer to the eyewitness nature of the records. Thus it points also to the genuineness of the prophecies because the same men who wrote the historical facts also wrote prophecies.
The death of Sennacherib is recorded at Isaiah 37:38 and 2 Kings 19:37 and is confirmed in the records of Sennacherib’s son, Esarhaddon. It was later added to by Esarhaddon’s son Ashur-bani-pal.

Various details about Nineveh and the account of Jonah point to the Bible’s historicity. The symbol of Nineveh was a pregnant woman with a fish in her womb.

Adad-Nirari III, who might have been the king of Jonah’s time, introduced remarkable reforms—possibly after the message of the prophet Jonah. Adad-Nirari’s palace was virtually alongside the later construction of what is known as “Nebi Yunis” (“the prophet Jonah”). That structure is the supposed site of the tomb of Jonah, and although that is unlikely, the honoring of Jonah is very interesting.

Major Evidences Regarding the Babylonians and Nebuchadnezzar

Nebuchadnezzar sacked Jerusalem and took Judah into captivity.

Daniel knew that Nebuchadnezzar was responsible for the splendor of Babylon (Daniel 4:30). This was unknown to modern historians until it was confirmed by the German professor Koldewey, who excavated Babylon approximately 100 years ago.
We now know from the Babylonian Chronicle that the date of Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem was the night of March 15/16, 597 BC. We also know that Belshazzar really was the king of Babylon at this time because his father Nabonidus, who was undertaking archaeological research, was away from Babylon for about 10 years. He appointed his son Belshazzar as co-regent during that time.
Prophecies against Babylon (e.g., Jeremiah 51, (52)) have been literally fulfilled. Nebuchadnezzar wrote that the walls of Babylon would be a perpetual memorial to his name, but Jeremiah said, “The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken” (Jeremiah 51:58). Jeremiah, inspired by God, has been confirmed.

Critics said ‘There was no such king’, but his palace and library were uncovered

Major Evidences Regarding Cyrus and the Medes and Persians

The Medes and the Persians took over after the Babylonians.

Cyrus became king over the Medes and Persians. We read of Cyrus when his name was recorded prophetically in Isaiah 44:28 and 45:1. He issued the famous Cyrus Decree that allowed captive peoples to return to their own lands (2 Chronicles 36:22–23 and Ezra 1:1–4). The tomb of Cyrus has been found.
God was in control of His people’s history—even using a Gentile king to bring His purposes to pass. The Cyrus Cylinder (a clay cylinder found in 1879 inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform with an account of Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon in 539 BC) confirms that Cyrus had a conquest of Babylon.
Some Jews remained in Babylon, as shown in the book of Esther. The type of “unchanging” laws of the Medes and Persians shown therein (Esther 1:19) is endorsed from Aramaic documents recovered from Egypt.

The Cyrus Cylinder—Isaiah referred to him prophetically

Major Evidences Regarding Ezra and Nehemiah

Part of the restored wall of Nehemiah

This was the time of the resettlement in the land after the exile in Babylon.

Elephantine papyri, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Targums of Job, etc., show that Aramaic was then in use, as Ezra indicates.
Sanballat was, as the Bible says, the Governor of Samaria (Nehemiah 4 and 6), though it was claimed by many writers that Sanballat was much later than Nehemiah. Several Sanballats are now known, and recovered letters even refer to Johanan (Nehemiah 12:13). Geshem the Arab (Nehemiah 6) is also known. Despite longstanding criticisms, Ezra and Nehemiah are accurate records of an actual historical situation.
The letters about Sanballat (above) clear up a dating point regarding Nehemiah. Nehemiah’s time was with Artaxerxes I who ruled from 465 to 423 BC, not Artaxerxes II. This illustrates the preciseness with which Old Testament dating is very often established by modern research.

Major Evidences Regarding the Dead Sea Scrolls

The Dead Sea Scrolls

After approximately 2,000 years of being buried in caves near the Dead Sea, these scrolls came to light again in AD 1947. The Jews were searching for a Messiah or Messiahs—the king-like David, the great High Priest of the people of Israel, the High Priest after the order of Melchizedek, the prophet like Moses, and possibly the pierced Messiah.

I say “possibly the pierced Messiah” because this refers only to a very small fragment. Also, the future and the imperfect tenses in the Hebrew language are very often the same and can only be determined by the context.

Part of the main Scroll of Isaiah recovered alongside the Dead Sea

In this case the prophecy could be saying that the expected Messiah will be “pierced” or that “he was pierced.” Isaiah 11:4 states, “And with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked [emphasis added].” And in the NASB, Isaiah 53:5 says, “He was pierced through for our transgressions [emphasis added].” Both statements are relevant, for in fact the Messiah was pierced, and in a coming judgment those who have rejected the Messiah will be pierced.
The Scrolls have provided copies of most of the Old Testament, for fragments of every Old Testament book except Esther have been found in Hebrew, about 1,000 years earlier than previous extant Hebrew copies. (A writing from the book of Esther is found in another scroll.)
Considerable light was thrown on New Testament backgrounds and on the Jewish nature of John’s Gospel. For example, contrasts such as “light and darkness” are common to John and the “War Scroll,” a text that describes the eschatological last battle; and Hebrew was still a living language, not just a priestly language.

The Dead Sea Scroll of Isaiah also shows an old form of the Hebrew letter “tau,” which looks like an “X” in the margin of the scroll. It occurs 11 times, at Isaiah 32:1, 42:1, 42:5, 42:19, 44:28, 49:5–7, 55:3–4, 56:1–2, 56:3, 58:13, and Isaiah 66:5. As already stated, both the records of the Assyrians and the Dead Sea Scrolls (with a near-complete copy of Isaiah) were totally hidden from human eyes for about 2,000 years. Most of the content of these two sources overlapped and thus confirmed the evidence for the genuineness of the prophecies of Isaiah.

An important point about the finding of these scrolls is that they relate to the uncovering of the Assyrian palaces from the 1840s onwards. Isaiah gives a number of historical facts relating to the Assyrians that remarkably confirm the accuracy of Isaiah.

Possibly, the finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls is one of the most wonderful facts regarding the relevance of biblical archaeology and the Bible.5

Major Evidences Regarding the Person of Our Lord Jesus

Part of an inscription about enrolling for the poll tax

Events surrounding the words and actions of Jesus have been authenticated by archaeological discoveries.

Problems about the census at the time of our Lord’s birth have been resolved by the findings of important papyrus documents. These documents were found in Egypt inside sacred, embalmed crocodiles. The documents were the Jewish priestly writings that were written immediately before, during, and just after New Testament times.

The excavators Granfell and Hunt reported that their evidence showed that this was the first census (poll tax—enrollment) that took place in the time of Quirinius. (Another inscription has shown that Quirinius was in Syria twice—first as a military leader at a time of civil unrest, and later as Governor of Syria.) The census was probably delayed in Palestine because of that civil unrest.
Those papyrus findings have thrown much light on the words our Lord used. It is indeed true that He spoke the language of His time on earth (Mark 12:37).
Pilate is now better known because of a recovered inscription at Caesarea. The John Rylands papyrus (AD 125) records part of the trial before Pilate, fragments of which are recorded in John 18:31–33, 37–38.

Both sides of the Rylands Papyrus

Major Evidences Regarding the New Testament, the Early Church, and the Early Years of Christianity

The documents of the New Testament have been validated as accurate historical documents.

The papyrii from those Egyptian “talking crocodiles” have demonstrated that the New Testament documents are remarkable records of the times claimed for them in the language of “everyday” people. Those everyday expressions from Paul’s time have also thrown much light on Paul’s writings themselves.
The findings of Sir William Ramsay and his successors in Asia Minor reestablished the veracity of Luke the historian and other New Testament writers.

The three Bible writings most attacked by critics were the Moses’ Pentateuch, Ezra/Nehemiah, and Luke. Every one of these has been remarkably confirmed as being accurate and reliable by the research of credible scholars.
A flood of evidence shows the continuity between the New Testament documents (e.g., the Rylands Papyrus with parts of John 18:31–33 on one side and John 18:37–38 on the other) and the abundant evidence from the secular Roman writers and the early church fathers.

Does Archaeology Prove the Bible?

Even when excavators are digging to uncover a past time period dealt with in the Bible, it is by no means sure that direct biblical history will be unearthed. Such findings are hoped for, not only by Bible students, but by disinterested archaeologists as well, because they know that they must take Bible records seriously. A link with Bible history is an excellent dating point, always desirable but not possible or achieved. These findings are excellent confirmations of God’s Word, as opposed to “proving the Bible.”

Archaeologists are scholars, usually academics with interest in the Bible as an occasional source book. A substantial number of scholarly archaeologists are committed Christians, but they are a minority. Many people believe that all archaeologists set out to verify biblical history, but that is not the case. Many excavators have virtually no interest in the Bible, but there are notable exceptions.

Superiority Despite Attacks by Critics

We have already said that we do not use the statement: “Archaeology proves the Bible.” In fact, such a claim would be putting archaeology above the Bible. What happens when seemingly assured results of archaeology are shown to be wrong after all? Very often archaeology does endorse particular Bible events. And some would say that in this way it “proves the Bible.” But such a statement should be taken with reservation because archaeology is the support, not the main foundation.

Seemingly assured results “disproving” the Bible have a habit of backfiring.

Thousands of facts in the Bible are not capable of verification because the evidence has long since been lost. However, it is remarkable that where confirmation is possible and has come to light, the Bible survives careful investigation in ways that are unique in all literature. Its superiority to attack, its capacity to withstand criticism, and its amazing facility to be proved right are all staggering by any standards of scholarship. Seemingly assured results “disproving” the Bible have a habit of backfiring.

Over and over again the Bible has been vindicated from Genesis to Revelation. The superiority of Genesis 1–11 has been established, and the patriarchal backgrounds have been endorsed. The writings of Moses do date to his time, and the record of the conquest of Canaan under Joshua has many indications of eyewitness recording.

David’s Psalms were clearly products of his time, and records about Solomon should no longer be written off as “legendary.” Solomon was a literary giant, a commercial magnate, and a powerful ruler—under God. God alone gave Israel their “golden age.”

The Assyrian period has given dramatic confirmation to biblical records, with excavations of palace after palace over the last 150 years. Such excavations constantly add to our understanding of the background to Old Testament kings, prophets, peoples, and incidents.

The exile in Babylon is endorsed at various points, and the Cyrus Decree makes it clear that captured people could return to their own lands and worship according to their own beliefs. Ezra and Nehemiah are accurate reflections of that post-exilic period.

Likewise, the New Testament documents have been consistently demonstrated as factual, eyewitness records. Kings, rulers, and officials are named unerringly; titles are used casually but with remarkable accuracy; geographic boundaries are highlighted; and customs are correctly touched on.

It is indeed true that “truth shall spring out of the earth” (Psalm 85:11).

Archaeology as It Relates to the Biblical Record

Our understanding of essential biblical doctrine has never changed because of archaeological findings. It should be acknowledged, however, that at times it has been necessary to look again to see just what the Bible is actually saying. There have been times when new light has been thrown on words used in Scripture in both Old and New Testaments.

We have seen that the titles of officials of Israel’s neighbors are now better understood and that many words are better understood because of the records in clay, on papyrus, and on stone.

The Old Testament is an ancient book, not a modern record, and its style is that of the East and not the West. At times it must be interpreted, based on its context, in the symbolic and figurative style of the Jews of ancient times, and not according to the “scientific precision” of our modern materialistic age.

Sometimes the Bible uses “the language of phenomena”—as when it refers to the sun rising. Scientifically speaking, the earth is what “rises.” However, though the Bible is not a science textbook, it is yet wonderfully true that where the Bible touches on science it is astonishingly accurate.

The more this new science of archaeology touches the records of the Bible, the more we are convinced that it is a unique record. At many points it is greatly superior to other writings left by neighboring people.

We have not said, “Archaeology proves the Bible,” and we do not suggest it. To do so would be quite wrong, even though such a statement is often made by those introducing a lecturer on biblical archaeology. The Bible itself is the absolute; archaeology is not. If archaeology could prove the Bible, archaeology would be greater than the Bible, but it is not. The Bible comes with the authority of almighty God. It is His Word, and He is greater than all else.

Nevertheless, archaeology has done a great deal to restore confidence in the Bible as the revealed Word of God. It has thrown a great deal of light on previously obscure passages and has helped us to understand customs, culture, and background in many ways that seemed most unlikely to our fathers in a previous generation. Archaeology is highly relevant for understanding the Bible today.

The Value of Archaeology for the Bible Student

Archaeology has done a great deal to cause many scholars to take the Bible much more seriously. It has touched the history and culture of Israel and her neighbors at many points and has often surprised researchers by the implicit accuracy of its statements.

If it can be shown (as it can) that the Bible writers lived and gave their message against the backgrounds claimed for them, it becomes clear that their amazing prophetic messages are also genuine, written long before the events they prophesied. Consider five important ways in which archaeology has been of great value for Bible students.

Archaeology confirms Bible history, and it often shows that Bible people and incidents are correctly referred to.

One example is that of Sargon, a king named in Isaiah 20:1. Critics at one time said that there was no such king. But then his palace was found at Khorsabad, and there was a description of the very battle referred to by Isaiah. Another illustration is the death of the Assyrian King Sennacherib. His death is recorded in Isaiah 37 and also in the annals of Sennacherib’s son Esarhaddon, whom Isaiah says succeeded Sennacherib.
Archaeology gives local color, indicating that the background is authentic.

Laws and customs, gods, and religious practices are shown to be associated with times and places mentioned in the Bible. Rachel’s stealing her father’s clay gods illustrates the correct understanding of customs: she and Leah asked, “Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house?” (Genesis 31:14). She knew the teraphim (clay gods) were associated with title deeds, which was a custom of that time.
Archaeology provides additional facts.

Archaeological facts help the Bible student understand times and circumstances better than would otherwise be possible. Bible writers tell us the names of such Assyrian kings as Sennacherib and Esarhaddon, and we now know a great deal more about these rulers from records recovered in their palaces and libraries.
Archaeology has proved of tremendous value in Bible translations.

The meanings of words and phrases are often illuminated when found in other contexts. 2 Kings 18:17, for example, correctly uses three Assyrian army titles. Those terms are tartan (commander-in-chief), rabshakeh (chief of the princes), and rabsaris (chief eunuch). The meanings of these words were unknown at the time of the production of the King James Version of the Bible in 1611.

Only when Assyrian palaces were excavated was a great deal of light thrown onto their meanings. The fact that these titles are correctly used in the Old Testament is another strong argument for eyewitness recording. People do not know the titles of their enemy without some form of contact.
Archaeology has demonstrated the accuracy of many Bible prophecies.

The prophecies against Nineveh, Babylon, and Tyre in Isaiah are typical examples, as are the early records of creation in the Bible. It is also highly important that Isaiah and others so accurately pointed to the coming Messiah. At many points their history has been vindicated, and so have their prophecies about Jesus.

This spiritual application is surely one of the most important aspects of biblical archaeology, reminding us that “holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter 1:21).

Archaeology has done much to demonstrate that “the Bible was right after all.” Its early records of creation, Eden, the Flood, long-living men, and the dispersal of the nations are not mere legends after all. Other tablets recording the same events have been recovered, but they are often distorted and corrupted.

The Bible record is immensely superior, and quite credible. Those early Bible records can no longer be written off as myth or legend.

“For ever, O Lord, Your word is settled in heaven” (Psalm 119:89).

A Memory Aid Showing the Relevance of Archaeology to the Bible

S Superiority—Creation, Flood, Tower of Babel, Laws of Moses, Psalms of David, genuine prophets of Israel, the teachings of Jesus.

C Customs—Rachel stealing clay gods; Joseph’s story; religious practices; ruthlessness of Assyrians; unchangeable laws of Medes and Persians; enrolling for census when Jesus was born.

A Additional information—Moabite Stone; Jehu and the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser; the assassination of Assyrian King Sennacherib; Belshazzar as co-regent with his father Nabonidus; new light on New Testament backgrounds from the Dead Sea Scrolls and other manuscripts and inscriptions.

L Language and Languages—Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Others are touched in passing, including Egyptian, Canaanite, Philistine, Babylonian, Persian, Latin, and Assyrian.

P Prophecy—about Bible lands and people, as well as the Lord Jesus Christ. The local color and the integrity of prophecies demonstrate the uniqueness of the Bible.

S Specific Incidents and People—Sargon’s victory against Ashdod (Isaiah 20:1); the death of Sennacherib (Isaiah 37); Nebuchadnezzar the King of Babylon who campaigned against Jerusalem and Judah; various rulers (such as the Herods) correctly identified (the Gospels and Acts); the census in the time of Caesar Augustus.

Many people have commented that they do not have the knowledge to talk about archaeology and the Bible; this acrostic SCALPS should help.6

1 Peter 3:15 urges us to “always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear.”

That’s a command to Christians!

Is someone who doesn't believe the Bible really a christian? Or are they just in a club? Seriously. Does someone who doesn't believe that the Bible is the inerrant word of God. Do they have any business claiming to be a christian? I mean is Gods word true or not?

Just because a document is historically accurate does not mean it's divinely inspired. Otherwise, most encyclopedias could be construed as a God's word.

I don't know of anyone who advocates that the bible does not contain at least some historically accurate information. The texts are certainly ancient in origin, and that status of antiquity will give it at least some authority in regard to the historical record. But that doesn't prove it's divine.

To compare the Bible with an encyclopedia is the height of ignorance. Especially from someone who just a few short months ago proclaimed to be a christian.

And if it wasn't historically accurate you could surely call it a fraud. But you can't because it is.

Scoffers also say that the parting of the red sea is a myth. Then some archeologists went and found the chariot wheels on the bottom of the sea. The fools still scoffed but many of the intellectually curious had their eyes opened.

But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name (John 1:12)

The words alone claim they are from God. We see "Thus says the Lord" and "write this down." It is incumbent on those examining the text objectively to explore and research the truth claims of the scriptures.

Most won't. Most today in academia just hand wave and declare the scriptures myth. I would argue most of these academics take non-biblical historical documents at face value without examination. How many times have we heard some scientist 'found' the missing link, they publicize their find which is in the infancy of examination and later we find out it was a pig or some middle aged man suffering from a bone disease. So they are not quite balanced in my opinion.

Stone is giving us the historical evidence supporting the veracity of the Scripture record. As you stated you have no doubt the at least some of scriptures are historical. However, your point is how to present the objective evidence for the divine qualities claimed in the NT and OT. Some say take it by faith but we know faith is not an empty 'belief' or blind leap in the dark.

Faith is an action, or willingness to act, based on the confidence we have in the object of our belief. So for the skeptic of divine Biblical claims the overarching Biblical 'event' is usually the resurrection of Jesus Christ. As Paul states in 1 Corinthians 15 the very belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ is what defines the Christian faith. Without it, the entire Jesus story is about a rebel to the authorities who was executed. Not pulling you in a Bible study as the following leads into another point, but here is what Paul said reference the resurrection of Jesus Christ:

1 Corinthians 15:(prior to the below passage the apostle Paul affirms the record of the disciples which was thousands witnessed the risen Christ--more on that later)

12 Now if Christ is preached, that He has been raised from the dead, how do some among you say that there is no resurrection of the dead? 13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, not even Christ has been raised; 14 and if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain.

15 Moreover we are even found to be false witnesses of God, because we testified against God that He raised Christ, whom He did not raise, if in fact the dead are not raised. 16 For if the dead are not raised, not even Christ has been raised; 17 and if Christ has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins. 18 Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished. 19 If we have hoped in Christ in this life only, we are of all men most to be pitied.(NASB)

Based on the passage above a skeptic named Simon Greenleaf took Paul up on this challenge:

Simon Greenleaf (1783-1853) was one of the founders of Harvard Law School. He authored the authoritative three-volume text, A Treatise on the Law of Evidence (1842), which is still considered "the greatest single authority on evidence in the entire literature of legal procedure."1 Greenleaf literally wrote the rules of evidence for the U.S. legal system. He was certainly a man who knew how to weigh the facts. He was an atheist until he accepted a challenge by his students to investigate the case for Christ's resurrection. After personally collecting and examining the evidence based on rules of evidence that he helped establish, Greenleaf became a Christian and wrote the classic, Testimony of the Evangelists.

"Let [the Gospel's] testimony be sifted, as it were given in a court of justice on the side of the adverse party, the witness being subjected to a rigorous cross-examination. The result, it is confidently believed, will be an undoubting conviction of their integrity, ability, and truth."2 - See more at: http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/the-case-for- christ.htm#sthash.PZmFOPpP.dpuf

Some skeptics when confronted that Greeleaf is some 19th century white dead guy say we can't use him because he is dated. My argument to that is in a very skeptical relativistic age the views of Greenleaf are very sound for all time when considering evidence. Then we have more modern views as well:

Sir Lionel Luckhoo (1914-1997) is considered one of the greatest lawyers in British history. He's recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the "World's Most Successful Advocate," with 245 consecutive murder acquittals. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II -- twice. Luckhoo declared:

I humbly add I have spent more than 42 years as a defense trial lawyer appearing in many parts of the world and am still in active practice. I have been fortunate to secure a number of successes in jury trials and I say unequivocally the evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ is so overwhelming that it compels acceptance by proof which leaves absolutely no room for doubt.3 - See more at: http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/the-case-for- christ.htm#sthash.PZmFOPpP.dpuf

Lee Strobel was a Yale-educated, award-winning journalist at the Chicago Tribune. As an atheist, he decided to compile a legal case against Jesus Christ and prove him to be a fraud by the weight of the evidence. As Legal Editor of the Tribune, Strobel's area of expertise was courtroom analysis. To make his case against Christ, Strobel cross-examined a number of Christian authorities, recognized experts in their own fields of study (including PhD's from such prestigious academic centers as Cambridge, Princeton, and Brandeis). He conducted his examination with no religious bias, other than his predisposition to atheism.

Remarkably, after compiling and critically examining the evidence for himself, Strobel became a Christian. Stunned by his findings, he organized the evidence into a book entitled, The Case for Christ, which won the Gold Medallion Book Award for excellence. Strobel asks one thing of each reader - remain unbiased in your examination of the evidence. In the end, judge the evidence for yourself, acting as the lone juror in the case for Christ...4 - See more at: http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/the-case-for- christ.htm#sthash.PZmFOPpP.dpuf

As mentioned in all accounts, all of the above were skeptics. You can go to the links for the books these men wrote and their full examination of the evidence.

But if someone out of hand waves off all scripture as 'myth' well that is not very studious approach. That would be like a prosecutor telling the jury the defense attorney is about to tell you lies so don't even consider his/her testimony.

But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name (John 1:12)

First, your links have spaces in them which breaks them. Maybe you can still edit and fix.

Yes they do, but obviously, no document can self-certify it is of divine origin. I could pen a story and write "Thus says the Lord" into it and obviously that would not make it divine. There must be other means of supporting divine belief in the bible.

The bible does indeed have its origins in antiquity, so even if its stories are of myths, it's is a historical authority on those myths. I.e. it's an authority of what ancient people believed, regardless of whether what they believed is true or not. So anyone writing off the bible as a useless book is certainly not objective. That's not me. By the way, I have read the bible. The OT at least twice and the NT perhaps 8-10 times.

The basic doctrine is that sin separates us from God, and the sacrifice of Jesus taking human form atones for that sin and allows us to be in the perfection of God's presence, which otherwise would be impossible due to the permanent nature of sin tainting souls. The underlying support for all this is a combination of the tremendous love God and Jesus have for us, along with God's nature of being perfect such that sin cannot be in his presence. Without the resurrection of Jesus, there's no resurrection of us and no afterlife, making the whole point of Christian faith rather moot.

In terms of evidence convincing relatively modern day scholars of the authenticity of the bible, I'm curious how much of it comes from outside the bible itself. There are a few arguments for saying the bible is divine, but at least some are flawed. For example, one claim is that the bible was written by some 40 different authors over 1000-2000 years, and yet the accounts are all remarkably compatible, and if you tried that with 40 different authors on any topic, you'd invariably come up with huge contradictions. I used to advocate that myself.

But the bible was not written by these numerous authors, each in a vacuum. It happened more like this:

Rent a hotel with 40 rooms and put one author in each. Go to the first and ask him to write a story of creation. He does, and hands his work back to you. You and a team of reviewers read it and edit it, cleaning up odds and ends to make it smooth and beautiful. Then you take it to the second room and hand it to that author and tell him to read it and write a sequel. He does so. You and your team read it and again edit it to clean up things to make it smooth and beautiful. If you repeat this process with all 40 authors, what you'll come up with is a collection of works that are compatible.

IMO, this better illustrates how the bible was created. Each author had the benefit of knowing what the prior authors all wrote so there's no conflicts or contradictions. What's more, entire works by authors that didn't obtain respect for any reason could and would have been rejected completely, which in fact occurred, which explains the difference between the books included/excluded between the Catholic and Protestant versions of the bible. Also, in antiquity, stories were handed down from one generation to the next not in written form but verbally, which opens the door to editing as parents could have added moral elements to teach their kids certain lessons and which enhances the colorfulness of the stories. Yes, I can believe that at some point when such stories are put to paper (scrolls), they were considered "carved in stone" as it were, but nothings to say that prior to that point, creative writing did not take place.

All that is, for me, is one valid counter argument against one argument that supports a divine belief in the bible.

But honestly, the main reason I can no longer honestly consider myself a christian is because an alternate model explains everything much, much better IMO, and it's not atheism. The theology works much better, there's no conflict with evolution whether or not that is a faulty theory (we are completely unique from animals no matter how similar our DNA is), the divine love that awaits us is in fact much greater than that even portrayed by christianity, and life has a real purpose, beyond simply to "glorify God". Eternal destiny is not linked to what our physical brains decide what is true and what is not. Tragedy has a real reason for happening (whereas christianity simply says of such events stuff like "God works in mysterious ways beyond our understanding"), and life is, in fact, extremely fair no matter what lives we're born into. The question of what happens to young children when the die (have they committed sin yet?) is all handled much, much better.

All in all for me, it explains everything much, much better, and if I am to be purely honest, it's what I have no choice but to believe, at least at this time, regardless of what insults might be hurled my way.

Of course. Demonstrated and witnessed miracles and fulfillment of prophecies made. The Greenleaf reference takes this on. A good book to examine as you are obviously open to examine such. The prophets, Jesus Christ and apostles came in word and power.

Mind you I understand even in the scriptures there were witnesses to these miracles and yet they remained skeptics. The Pharisees 'knew' there was something different about Jesus as even they admitted no one spoke in such a way with authority and performed miracles. Of course the Pharisees, inclusive the Sanhedrin, were the power of the time. So they saw their power and prestige challenged by this 'upstart' from a poor family. So even presented the Law spoken and lived perfectly, knowing the Torah, Prophets and Writings, even witnessing the miracles (one of which some saw a man Lazarus 4 days dead raised from the dead not as some Walking Dead zombie but a healthy breathing human) they rejected Jesus. So even when these things hit them between the eyes, their hearts were hardened because they did not want to lose their political, religious power over the people. Sounds familiar in every age.

Muhammad we are told wrote the entire Qur'an as dictated by an angel (Gabriel). No one witnessed such. No miracles performed by Muhammad to validate what he was preaching or asserting and no prophecies fulfilled as in all the earth one day will submit to Islam. Muhammad never claimed doing miracles. Those who commented on the Hadith add stories of him doing miracles, but not the Qur'an. That would be akin to the early church fathers circa 2nd and 3rd CE commenting on miracles of Christ without having the Gospels to back the claim.

So the evidence is in the miracles themselves and prophecies fulfilled and yet to be fulfilled. Again, Greenleaf goes into great detail on this.

But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name (John 1:12)

Wow, right you hit the nail on the head of what Paul opined on to the Corinthians. I would add to the "sin cannot be in the presence of God" that YHWH is HOLY, HOLY, HOLY as we see mentioned in the OT often and Revelation. YHWH and His Torah is perfection in the Hebrew view (and most Christian views). Therefore YHWH coming in the flesh the Son of God Jesus Christ (Yeshua HaMashiach) being the perfect representation of the perfection of Torah could only be the perfect sacrifice for our sins. If one does not believe this theology at least they can see the perfect logic involved.

I think the answer is within your comments. You mentioned the claim of the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures Tanakh ("Old Testament") and the B'rit Hadashah ("New Testament") as divine (I tend to avoid using Bible as my Messianic Jewish brothers and sisters see YHWH's revelation from Genesis to Revelation as a continuous thread of revelation and fulfillment). I digress a bit:) So the many authors, over 4,000 years and the the lines cross up neat and tidy. Yes I have many friends continuously mention this. I respond by absolutes most of the time and say, (1) such compatibility should be taken as evidence of Divine influence in itself. If not (2) one would have to conclude (as Paul hinted) the whole Hebrew-Christian deal is the biggest conspiracy theory known to the history of conscious humanity and such a convincing falsehood that over 4,000 years those believing in such died believing such. So I conclude, we do have evidence of movements/religions making similar claims as Hebrews and Christians, but they eventually died on the vine after a time. AND the ones we do still have hanging around (Buddhism, Islam are two) do not have the body of evidence of miracles and fulfilled prophecies.

So based on your above observation, we either have the consistency you seem skeptical on, or there is some "Masonic type" conspiracy at some point where someone compiled everything and 'made sure' it matched. The argument against such is the NT validates the OT and the Jews still living TODAY are a testimony in themselves of the OT. I can get into the various evidences of the NT books having an earlier date of use than most liberal and even some conservative theologians assert, if you want.

On your comment reference how much evidence comes from within and outside the Scriptures...Yes scholars since the 2nd Century CE used both internal evidence (the manuscripts they had) and external historical records and oral transmission from elder/bishop to elder/bishop. The written always taking priority...at least for the early church fathers and later Protestants.

The Hebrews put Torah (first 5 books of the OT) above all. So did Jesus Christ as He preached the Torah. They would firmly reject the 40 room example as in Torah YHWH as witnessed by Moses wrote most of Torah. And the words (characters) as put on the stone tablets by YHWH were confirmed in Power by miracles as well. Now the 40 room deal might apply to some of the historical books of the Bible like 1 and 2 Kings. There is evidence some of these texts were edited, not for changing dates or names or altering events, but to put names of various geographic locations which had changed after the exile in Babylon. We also must account for the strong oral tradition involved and the duty of scribes to preserve the written and oral record. There it is again...written and oral, a dual independent check through the ages. The tradition as recorded in Scriptures is not to change the words of God.

Wow, we could talk hours on this. I think I addressed the tradition of the dual independent check of written (priority), and oral (as taught to the farmer or goat herder who could not read). We have several data points in the OT where the Law (Torah) is read to large crowds. The stone tablets written on by the Hand of YHWH were put in the Ark of the Covenant; the Ark was eventually placed in the Temple. After Solomon various kings of Judah played around with disobedience and worshiped idols, engaged in massive Torah violations (Commandments). Such that the oral traditions were ignored and mostly forgotten except for a steady stream of prophets coming along to admonish and warn certain doom if they did not return to Torah. Then one day (reference 2 Chronicles 34) a good king comes along and he orders renovations to the Temple. The priests while repairing the neglected Temple come across the Torah scroll which used to be in the Ark. The king realizes they are screwed and commands the Torah read to all assembled and taught throughout the land. If interested you can thumb to the chapter. Point is there was a written and oral tradition. The oral tradition failed, YHWH sent messengers oral, and the Book is found, written.

The Hebrews considered what was and what was not scriptures by YHWH's interaction with the text. That is why the ancient (and modern) Hebrews/Jews established a 'pecking' order within the TaNaKh ( Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh). So for one to alter the Torah is punishable by death as those words were written by YHWH's Finger on stone. The prophecies of the "Prophets" face the scrutiny of statements such as "Thus saith the Lord". Which were accompanied by miracles and prophecies being fulfilled within the time of the prophet and later. Such observations which convinced the post exile Hebrew priests and scribes of the authenticity of prophetic books was the nature of the revelation. There were prophets before, during and after the Babylonian exile. And yes they match up. And most of them did not know each other. So again you are left with either convicted of the claim which came in word and power and are convinced of compatibility is no coincidence; OR as you seem to favor we have a giant 4,000 year conspiracy. which implies malice and malice used to control hearts and minds. I have to say that is very 21st century modern/post modern reading back intents on the pious and observant. Admit it, we are a generation of cynics and with the advent of the internet many years ago, we immerse ourselves in conspiracy theories. To the point where we see a secret "pentavarite" behind every tree. "Oh the Queen, the Getty's, the Rothchilds, the Vatican and....COL Sanders...Oh with his wee bitty eyes and the smug look on this face...:) {funny comment from the movie "So I married an ax murderer"}

On various OT canons? Protestants and post Temple destruction in 70AD follow the Hebrew TaNaKh (OT) tradition in the Hebrew/Aramaic. All Christian denominations recognize a 27 book NT canon. The debate since 2 CE has been whether to follow the Hebrew tradition of the 66 book Hebrew TaNaKh or the Greek LXX translation. The additional 7 OT books Roman Catholics have (Eastern Orthodox have a couple more in their canon) are not from the Torah or Prophets. No mention of a prophet bringing revelation from God saying "thus saith YHWH" appears in these books. So no recognized prophet. Most are historical books of the Maccabean revolt. The Temple priests as I mentioned were very picky about what was added to the TaNaKh. So among Jews of the time (intertestamental period after exile) there was debate but only in the Greek LXX and not in the Hebrew/Aramaic. The Protestant Reformers debated that the early church fathers did quote from what was called the Apocrypha books, but did not weight them as they did the 66 books the Hebrews of their time maintained was the complete TaNaKh. So those books continued to be debated until, in reaction to the Reformation, at the Council of Trent the Roman Catholic church declared (the vote was very close) the Apocrypha books OT scriptures and part of their canon. I argue Jesus and the apostles do not quote from these books is a good test for Christians. Rome used the Apocrypha mostly to back up some of their claims to praying for and to the dead etc. These are small disputes of small matters which should have never led to blood shed as it did. So both Catholics and Protestants agree on 66 books as inspired of God. Protestants argued these other books have great value but they do not meet the stringent standards of the Hebrews and Jews. So the Prots used for the OT what the Jews were using.

I will emphasize again the Christian and Jewish faiths are not blind leaps in the dark. We are presented a case and we are the jury and must examine the truth claims AND manifested miracles confirming such to come to our conclusion. It seems you may have a lot of reservations on the conduct of folks who proclaim being Christian and the walk does not match the talk. I understand that. That is most likely the reason why YHWH has preserved His Holy words and plan for us over the years. So we have this case before us. YHWH (God) created us in His Image which means He gave us brains between our ears to examine the scriptures. What happened to me in His Mercy and Grace, He linked the brain housing group with the heart and regenerated my soul. So in effect, I heard the Good News (Gospel), I read the scriptures to see if these things were true, and the words were manifested by God regenerating my soul from the wretch I was to the new creature I became. Therefore, just as in scriptures God came to me in word and manifested such in His Power by changing me. Now as His soldier joyfully march to his orders. I don't do it perfectly as only One did so perfectly---Jesus Christ.

Finally, you mentioned an alternate model, then you described some of the elements of such, but did not say what this alternate model is. I am curious.

But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name (John 1:12)

Was Jesus poor? His family stayed in the stable because there was not room in the inn.

After Jesus's was crucified the Roman soldiers gambled in order to claim his clothes.

Anyone who claims the Koran is on some kind of par with the Bible is mentally ill, a moron or evil. No exceptions.

Going back that far in history, I think it's a strong assumption to say that the ancient authors did not know what other authors had in mind. They could have known of one another but even if they were contemporaries writing at the same time a vast distance apart, they could have both been aware of similar stories and legends of their day, and written about the same or similar things/themes. I contend that we simply do not and can not know as our evidence, in writings, is simply quite distant in time.

A few years back I learned of some books by a hypnotist by Dr. Michael Newton. He specialized in hypnosis as a means of assisting people with mental, emotional and even physical difficulties when they are associated and caused by past traumatic events, and regression to those past times, such as to one's childhood, was part of his treatment. Newton experienced a couple of interesting cases that opened the door to past life and between life regression, which he eventually made his exclusive practice, and went on to write his books. Newton claims to have regressed some 7000 clients in this way, and from what those clients have told him while under hypnosis, compiled what is in my opinion a very compelling composite portrait of the nature of life for all of us. This composite is, also in my opinion, not compatible with the Christian model and I'm sure you would agree. While information given by a single person under hypnosis could and should be suspect, Newton claims that the information given by the thousands of his clients contains an extremely high degree of compatibility, and that regardless of the culture or religion of the people being hypnotized, including atheists.

If you want to talk about compatible accounts by authors who don't know each other, Newton claims to have met that standard with his clients.

In a nutshell, this is the world a portrayed by Newton, (or perhaps more accurately, what I infer from his writings as Newton is very objective in his books), which in my opinion, fits my own personal observations of life, and also makes much more theological sense than the Christian model, though there are elements in the Christian model that overlap.

We are primarily souls, first and foremost. We as souls were and are created through a birthing process in the spirit/extra-dimensional world from what is termed "the source" which equates to God. In this world we are loved enormously, we are completely unique and we are immortal. Every soul has unique traits -- personality if you will, and also with the potential to grow stronger with about no limitation. By stronger, I mean we can deal with difficulty, become wiser and be able to help and love others in the best way possible.

The most effective means of growing stronger is through incarnation, and this is the reason why the universe was created. It's why the the laws of the universe are just right to allow for the formation of galaxies, stars, planets and physical life itself. Yes there is a divine hand in that. When a certain life form, such as humans, become suitable for incarnation by souls, then that process begins. A human, or for that matter, an animal without a soul operates purely on physical emotion, but a human body with an incarnated soul (us) operates with moral conviction, and also with all the unique personality of the soul. We are hybrid creatures in that way. But the human body & mind, for all it's miraculous workings are actually an extremely pale comparison to the complexity of us as souls. It is our souls which make up our primary identity. Yes the physical mind, body and gender has it's traits as well and plays a part in our identity here on earth, but that is part of what we gain spiritual experience with, and that part eventually dies, yet the immortal soul, of course, lives on.

We repeatedly incarnate on earth, one life after another, but the lives we live are not randomly selected. In the spirit world we have guides and soulmates (several, maybe up to one-two dozen if not more). Guides help us by selecting/suggesting lives on earth for us to incarnate into. From this extra-dimensional perspective, we are able to see some elements of what the life will be like. Male or female, the ease or difficulty of the life in either physical or mental terms (brain disorders) what souls will be in our family and close associates. Even certain accidents can be known ahead of time, both in encountering soulmates we could marry or the physically damaging kind. Bodies and lives are selected for the benefit of the souls alone. For example, a soul desiring to learn to be more forgiving might choose a life where they suffer a lot of wrongs by others who might (or might not) be well meaning. Someone wanting to learn patience might choose a body born with some handicap. Someone who was spoiled by some lavish past life might choose a body destined to be begging on the streets. But nothing is forced. Everything in the spirit world is by free choice. Everyone walking the earth is living a life they freely chose to live. It's in this way that life can be said to be completely fair.

Eventually, souls progress to the point in development where incarnation is of minimal value, and they stop incarnating. They move on to become guides themselves, helping other souls progress. Yet they still have things to learn, being guided by still more advanced souls. Eventually, souls progress so far they can rejoin "the source" or God, though the journey may not end even there.

* It doesn't limit life to existing only on earth which scientifically doesn't make sense. Souls can (and do) incarnate on other worlds in non-human bodies.

* There's no conflict with the theory of evolution in terms of our spiritual nature, yet the door is also open to divine intervention in the progress of physical life (Newton in fact says that occurs).

* It reasonably explains why life can be such a hell, and the purpose of tragedy and hardship in our lives.

* It explains why many people have inexplicable phobias, why child prodegies arise, senses of de ja vu. (elements, memories and traits of souls carried over from one life to the next).

* It opens the possibility to the paranormal (one of Newton's clients recalled under hypnosis to be a ghost after a past life) as souls have the capability to communicate and in extreme cases even alter the physical world, which explains miracles and the placebo effect.

* It explains the cases of claimed reincarnation, one extremely compelling one I'll repost here:

* It severs the connection between human DNA and the soul. Conception does not cause a soul to spring into existence, which is an implicit assumption made by Christianity.

* Souls aren't condemned to hell for all eternity because their physical minds didn't embrace a certain theology, or because they died 5 minutes after committing their first sin by stealing a cookie out of a cookie jar at the age of 4, or because some weak-willed christian neglected to spread the gospel to him on the bus the day before he died.

* Nothing can be blamed on God about the situation and hardships we face. We have easy answers for those (usually athiests) who point out the seemingly unfairness of life's elements.

* While there are life reviews, there is never condemnation. There is perfect free will, and the one's who judge us most harshly is ourselves only. Those who repeatedly harm others freely choose lives in which they are similarly harmed, in order to further spiritual development.

* The love we are the recipients of is more perfect. No one gives up on us even after death. Why would God do that? He commands us to forgive our brothers 77 x 7 times, and yet one single sin from us and we are in hell forever? Does he command us to be more patient than he's willing to be himself?

Of course these are all things that I see, and if I'm to be honest, simply I cannot ignore them. Obviously everybody's mileage varies but at this point, if I were to promote Christianity, I would do so out of fear of eternal damnation only, and not out of sincere belief, and last I checked, the christian heaven doesn't welcome liars either. So what am I gonna do? All in all, Newton's findings explains christianity, but christianity does not explain Newton's findings.

Reading Michael Newton's books was one long "Ah-ha" moment for me as it answered the small but significant riddles that I know now that christian theology never answered, at least for me. His work is corroborated to a very high degree on about all elements, BTW, by Brian Weiss, another contemporary hypnotic therapist who also happened upon the past life phenominoen on his own, even though there's no reference from one to the other. Most all discussion and information available on past life focuses on just that, but Newton is unique in focusing on the between life states (which is much more difficult for hypnotic subjects to recall), which puts all the past life stuff in perspective.

If you are up for a challenge and have time, I invite you to read Newton's book, Journey of Souls. He has 2-3 others which are good, but that's the best.

ok, thanks.......to be honest, I'm not terribly interested in archaeology or it's relationship to the stories in the bible.

"we are tartets from evil doers!!!" [ and ] U looked up birfer on the dcitionary. It isn't a movie.