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Title: O'Donnell is right:: New DNA Research shows Discrepancies Between Chimp and Human DNA
Source:
http://www.icr.org/article/new-chromosome-research-undermine
URL Source: http://www.icr.org/article/new-chromosome-research-undermines/
Published: Sep 25, 2010
Author: Jeffrey Tomkins, Ph.D., & Brian Thomas,
Post Date: 2010-09-25 23:49:28 by Nebuchadnezzar
Keywords: None
Views: 21806
Comments: 80
New Chromosome Research Undermines Human-Chimp Similarity Claims by Jeffrey Tomkins, Ph.D., & Brian Thomas, M.S. * A recent high-profile article in the journal Nature released the results of a study with implications that shocked the scientific community because they contradict long-held claims of human-chimp DNA similarity.1 A previous Acts & Facts article showed that much of the research surrounding the often touted claims of 98 percent (or higher) DNA similarity between chimps and humans has been based on flawed and biased research.2 The problem is that the similarity has been uncertain because no one has performed an unbiased and comprehensive DNA similarity study until now. And the results are not good news for the story of human evolution. One of the main deficiencies with the original chimpanzee genome sequence published in 20053 was that it was a draft sequence and only represented a 3.6-fold random coverage of the 21 chimpanzee autosomes, and a 1.8-fold redundancy of the X and Y sex chromosomes. In a draft coverage, very small fragments of the genome are sequenced in millions of individual reactions using high-throughput robotics equipment. This produces individual sequence fragments of about 500 to 1,200 bases in length. Based on overlapping reads, these individual sequences are assembled into contiguous clusters of sequence called sequencing contigs. In the case of a chimpanzee, an organism with a genome size of about 3 billion bases, a 3.6-fold coverage means that approximately 10.8 billion bases of DNA were sequenced (3.6 x 3.0). The result is a data set consisting of thousands of random sequencing contigs, or islands of contiguous sequence that need to be oriented and placed in position on their respective chromosomes. In the 2005 chimpanzee genome project and resulting Nature journal publication, the sequence contigs4 were not assembled and oriented based on a map of the chimpanzee genome, but rather on a map of the human genome. Given the fact that the chimpanzee genome is at least 10 percent larger5 overall than the human genome, this method of assembly was not only biased toward an evolutionary presupposition of human-chimp similarity, but was also inherently flawed. The title of the recent journal article accurately sums up the research findings: "Chimpanzee and Human Y Chromosomes are Remarkably Divergent in Structure and Gene Content." Before getting into the details of their results, it is important to understand that for the first time, the chimpanzee DNA sequence for a chromosome was assembled and oriented based on a Y chromosome map/framework built for chimpanzee and not human. As a result, the chimpanzee DNA sequence could then be more accurately compared to the human Y chromosome because it was standing on its own merit. The Y chromosome is found only in males and contains many genes that specify male features, as well as genetic and regulatory information that is expressed throughout the whole body. Because of the recent outcome comparing the chimp and human Y chromosomes in a more objective assessment, it is possible that major discrepancies will be revealed among the other chromosomes that are claimed to be so similar. From a large-scale perspective, the human and chimp Y chromosomes were constructed entirely differently. On the human Y chromosome, there were found four major categories of DNA sequence that occupy specific regions. One can think of this in terms of geography. Just as a continent like Europe is divided into countries because of different people groups, so are chromosomes with different categories of DNA sequence. Not only were the locations of DNA categories completely different between human and chimp, but so were their proportions. One sequence class, or category containing DNA with a characteristic sequence, within the chimpanzee Y chromosome had less than 10 percent similarity with the same class in the human Y chromosome, and vice versa. Another large class shared only half the similarities of the other species, and vice versa. One differed by as much as 3.3-fold (330 percent), and a class specific to human "has no counterpart in the chimpanzee MSY [male-specific Y chromosome]."1 As far as looking at specific genes, the chimp and human Y chromosomes had a dramatic difference in gene content of 53 percent. In other words, the chimp was lacking approximately half of the genes found on a human Y chromosome. Because genes occur in families or similarity categories, the researchers also sought to determine if there was any difference in actual gene categories. They found a shocking 33 percent difference. The human Y chromosome contains a third more gene categories--entirely different classes of genes--compared to chimps. Under evolutionary assumptions of long and gradual genetic changes, the Y chromosome structures, layouts, genes, and other sequences should be much the same in both species, given the relatively short--according to the evolutionary timeline--six-million-year time span since chimpanzees and humans supposedly diverged from a common ancestor. Instead, the differences between the Y chromosomes are marked. R. Scott Hawley, a genetics researcher at the Stowers Institute in Kansas City who wasn't involved in the research, told the Associated Press, "That result is astounding."6 Because virtually every structural aspect of the human and chimp Y chromosomes was different, it was hard to arrive at an overall similarity estimate between the two. The researchers did postulate an overall 70 percent similarity, which did not take into account size differences or structural arrangement differences. This was done by concluding that only 70 percent of the chimp sequence could be aligned with the human sequence--not taking into account differences within the alignments. In other words, 70 percent was a conservative estimate, especially when considering that 50 percent of the human genes were missing from the chimp, and that the regions that did have some similarity were located in completely different patterns. When all aspects of non-similarity--sequence categories, genes, gene families, and gene position--are taken into account, it is safe to say that the overall similarity was lower than 70 percent. The Nature article expressed the discrepancy between this data and standard evolutionary interpretations in a rather intriguing way: "Indeed, at 6 million years of separation, the difference in MSY gene content in chimpanzee and human is more comparable to the difference in autosomal gene content in chicken and human, at 310 million years of separation."1 So, the human Y chromosome looks just as different from a chimp as the other human chromosomes do from a chicken. And to explain where all these differences between humans and chimps came from, believers in big-picture evolution are forced to invent stories of major chromosomal rearrangements and rapid generation of vast amounts of many new genes, along with accompanying regulatory DNA. However, since each respective Y chromosome appears fully integrated and interdependently stable with its host organism, the most logical inference from the Y chromosome data is that humans and chimpanzees were each specially created as distinct creatures.
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#40. To: war (#39)
I don't think you have ever read Genesis. Either that or you are mentally challenged and have a reading comprehension problem. It was created by God. In your stupidity you can't see that. Then you make fun of it and claim that creatures evolved from the spontaneous combustion of mud.
I know the Bible 100,000,000x better than you do. I had to explain a passage that you quoted from the Book of Job to you the other day that you believed proved the existence pof dinosaurs. Turns out, you **thought** you had quoted a passage from John.
Turns out, you **thought** you had quoted a passage from John. It was from the book of Job. I knew it was from Job. It accurately describes a dinosaur. Lay off the drugs.
Stop lying about what I believe. You couldn't begin to fathom the comparative depths of my knowledge to the shallowness of yours and when you try, you end up "banning" me anyway. That said, what is the meaning of these passages in Genesis: Let the land produce vegetation... Let the land produce living creatures...
I think it says bring forth not produce. It is when God created the creatures and vegetation. Evolutionists claim it took millions of years. Yeah right was there a million year dark cycle too. You're stupid.
Nope. I supposed you believe that a magician really pulls a rabbit from his hat that wasn't there until he said "Abra Cadabra"...
Actually that's not what evolutionists believe.
IN 44 you said it was from John and in the initial exchange you appear quite confused - well more so than normal - about discussing the Book of Job. That passage is describing the ENORMITY of faith... And dinosaurs were hatched and did not have belly buttons.
I don't care what you evolutionists believe. You evolutionists have taught that we come from monkeys. For example hoax of a story about "lucy". Your beliefs change with every over winded falsely so called scientist. You evloutionists are the enemy of science. It isn't science you are preaching. You are trying to rationalize your unbelief.
Nope. I supposed you believe that a magician really pulls a rabbit from his hat that wasn't there until he said "Abra Cadabra"... Yes it does. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
Your full of it. Give me a direct quote and a link.
Go back and read it again fool. You said the book of job wasn't about dinosaurs. No that wasn't the main focus of job but it did contain the truth of a description about dinosaurs. So I used John as an example. It talks about pharisees but it is not a book about pharisees. It does contain truth about pharisees though. Hopefully that clears it up for you.
No matter how many times you repeat that lie, it's not going to make it true.
Bush looks closer.
No matter how many times you repeat that lie, it's not going to make it true. Come on war, quit pretending. Here is one source out of literally millions that claim it. The term "human" in the context of human evolution refers to the genus Homo, but studies of human evolution usually include other hominids, such as the Australopithecines, from which the genus Homo had diverged by about 2.3 to 2.4 million years ago in Africa.[2][3] Scientists have estimated that humans branched off from their common ancestor with chimpanzees about 5–7 million years ago. Several species and subspecies of Homo evolved and are now extinct. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe. Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Here is a link to the source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution
"humans branched off from their common ancestor with chimpanzes" Game over...
The term "human" in the context of human evolution refers to the genus Homo, but studies of human evolution usually include other hominids, such as the Australopithecines, from which the genus Homo had diverged by about 2.3 to 2.4 million years ago in Africa.[2][3] Scientists have estimated that humans branched off from their common ancestor with chimpanzees about 5–7 million years ago. Several species and subspecies of Homo evolved and are now extinct. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe. Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Here is a link to the source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution Apes aren't monkeys. We evolved from the same ancestor as other current apes. I say other because humans are a species of Ape. Why is it so infuriating to hear that you are an Ape?
Sorry...was referring to a different thread here...
Why is it so infuriating to hear that you are an Ape? Because I am not. Under your theory would it be moral for a human being that really believes in the fairy tale of evolution to marry and have sex with an ape?
I wouldn't be surprised if the whole African thing doesn't play into it.
Sorry...was referring to a different thread here... I figured that out and answered it in 51 I believe.
Under your theory would it be moral for a human being that really believes in the fairy tale of evolution to marry and have sex with an ape? If no you mean a non human ape, then no. They are still different speeches.
Bush has monkey lips.
this seems to be pretty clear, i'm not sure what the argument is: Getting back to the point, O'Donnell exposed the fact she has little understanding of evolution.
Then you must not really believe we came from apes.
Eat me. Oh, whatever you say. Eat me, sir.
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
and mind your manners. Oh, whatever you say. Eat me, sir. Dude, you're boring the shit out of me with your child-like responses. Tell me, did you contact the authorities since you "felt" your life was in jeopardy? It's funny you easily you frighten. We should nick-name you the "jack-rabbit."
Clinton and Cuomo are the true bandits who lit the fuse to this economic crisis we're now in. All in the name of getting more minorities in houses: http://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=12554
Your firewall sucks.
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
So you didn't contact the authorities. Baby.
Clinton and Cuomo are the true bandits who lit the fuse to this economic crisis we're now in. All in the name of getting more minorities in houses: http://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=12554
Baby. Keyboard commando nutcases don't scare me neb. As I explained to Stone, I'm just one of those you like to classify as anti-American who qualifies for burial in Arlington National Cemetery, with full honors. I doubt you do. You've got a long way to travel before you intimidate me. People who actually shot at me didn't intimidate me. You think you do? Please. Stone needs to know of chickenshit keyboard commandos who attempt to intimidate other posters. Me? I say you're nothing but a chickenshit bullshit peddler of intimidation, and I ain't buying. Clear enough?
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
As I explained to Stone, I'm just one of those you like to classify as anti-American who qualifies for burial in Arlington National Cemetery, with full honors. I doubt you do. You've got a long way to travel before you intimidate me. Then why did you complain to Stone about me? Let's be honest here, you're a baby and I doubt you have anything near the Silver Star. DOUBT IT. "Oh Stone, I've just been threatened with death!!!". Coward.
Clinton and Cuomo are the true bandits who lit the fuse to this economic crisis we're now in. All in the name of getting more minorities in houses: http://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=12554
Grave of a brave American of the Muslim faith at Arlington National cemetery.
Did you really ask me this in reply to my #70??!!?? I see your problem now. Your reading comprehension sucks. In #70 I wrote, "Stone needs to know of chickenshit keyboard commandos who attempt to intimidate other posters." So now you're asking me questions I already answered.
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
And the fact he was a Muslim has exactly what to do with it?
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
I'm glad someone else has noticed that.
I always visit Arlington National Cemetery when I go to Washington, D.C. I appreciated you brought up the sanctity and dignity of the place, and this image was a powerful one I like that honors the diversity of the fallen at rest there. His sacrifice makes him a brother in arms of anyone else there, be they Christian, Jewish, or any other religion or creed. Honoring him, honors everyone else buried there. Judging from some of the hateful anti-Muslim hyperbole I have seen on this forum, it done not hurt to point out that the blood of many different people of all races, religions and ethnic background has been shed to protect this country.
Oh how will I ever go on, now that you think I'm a coward. BTW, some of the photos on your hard drive probably shouldn't be there.
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
BTW, some of the photos on your hard drive probably shouldn't be there. So you hacked my computer???? Isn't THAT against the law?????????????? Federal offense your admitting to.
Clinton and Cuomo are the true bandits who lit the fuse to this economic crisis we're now in. All in the name of getting more minorities in houses: http://libertysflame.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=12554
WTF are you babbling about now?
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
Isn't THAT against the law?????????????? Federal offense your admitting to. You realize there are ways you can be tracked down by your ISP and the ID# your computer puts out. Just informing you.
(sneakypete)DID Palin say or write these things or not? (Mad Dog's reply) I don't know or F ing care. Pete, MD doesn't know or care what Palin says or writes, he'll support her no matter what.
#41. To: A K A Stone (#40)
#42. To: war (#41)
I had to explain a passage that you quoted from the Book of Job to you the other day that you believed proved the existence pof dinosaurs.
#43. To: A K A Stone (#40)
(Edited)
Then you make fun of it and claim that creatures evolved from the spontaneous combustion of mud.
#44. To: war (#43)
#45. To: A K A Stone (#44)
I think it says bring forth not produce.
#46. To: A K A Stone (#36)
You evilutionists are the ones who propagated the myth that human beings evolved from monkeys.
#47. To: A K A Stone (#42)
It was from the book of Job. I knew it was from Job.
#48. To: lucysmom (#46)
Actually that's not what evolutionists believe.
#49. To: war (#45)
I think it says bring forth not produce.
#50. To: war (#47)
IN 44 you said it was from John
#51. To: All (#50)
IN 44 you said it was from John and in the initial exchange you appear quite confused -
#52. To: go65 (#15)
#53. To: A K A Stone (#48)
You evolutionists have taught that we come from monkeys.
#54. To: no gnu taxes (#52)
#55. To: war (#53)
You evolutionists have taught that we come from monkeys.
#56. To: A K A Stone (#55)
#57. To: A K A Stone (#55)
Here is one source out of literally millions that claim it.
#58. To: A K A Stone (#50)
Your full of it. Give me a direct quote and a link.
#59. To: Rhino (#57)
Apes aren't monkeys. We evolved from the same ancestor as other current apes. I say other because humans are a species of Ape.
#60. To: Rhino (#57)
#61. To: war (#58)
Your full of it. Give me a direct quote and a link.
#62. To: A K A Stone (#59)
Because I am not.
#63. To: war (#54)
Bush looks closer.
#64. To: A K A Stone, Rhino (#59)
Humans did not evolve from monkeys. Humans are more closely related to modern apes than to monkeys, but we didn't evolve from apes, either. Humans share a common ancestor with modern African apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees. Scientists believe this common ancestor existed 5 to 8 million years ago. Shortly thereafter, the species diverged into two separate lineages. One of these lineages ultimately evolved into gorillas and chimps, and the other evolved into early human ancestors called hominids.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/index.html
And the Conservative plan to create jobs is......?????
#65. To: Rhino (#62)
#66. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#19)
Just keep your big mouth shut
and mind your manners.
#67. To: Wood_Chopper (#66)
Eat me.
#68. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#67)
#69. To: Wood_Chopper (#68)
Your firewall sucks.
#70. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#69)
(Edited)
So you didn't contact the authorities.
#71. To: Wood_Chopper (#70)
Keyboard commando nutcases don't scare me neb.
#72. To: Wood_Chopper (#70)
Les personnes faibles ne peuvent être sincères.
#73. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#71)
Then why did you complain to Stone about me?
#74. To: Ferret Mike (#72)
Grave of a brave American of the Muslim faith at Arlington National cemetery.
#75. To: Wood_Chopper (#73)
I see your problem now. Your reading comprehension sucks.
#76. To: Wood_Chopper (#74)
"And the fact he was a Muslim has exactly what to do with it?"
Les personnes faibles ne peuvent être sincères.
#77. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#71)
Coward.
#78. To: Wood_Chopper (#77)
Oh how will I ever go on, now that you think I'm a coward.
#79. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#78)
#80. To: Nebuchadnezzar (#78)
So you hacked my computer????
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