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Alternative Energies Title: 'Beyond petroleum' - fracking's collapse heralds the arrival of peak oil A few weeks ago tremors rocked the world of 'fracking' in the USA - though few heard them. The US Energy Information Agency (USEIA) had issued its latest Monthly Drilling Report and the news was not good. It wasn't simply the economic failure of fracking (covered in The Ecologist last December) and the subsequent collapse in drilling (covered in January). The news from the USEIA was far more grim for those who understood its deeper meaning. Their press release was very matter-of-fact: "EIA's most recent Drilling Productivity Report (DPR) indicates a change in the crude oil production growth patterns in three key oil producing regions... The DPR estimates include the first projected declines in crude oil production in these regions since publication of the DPR began in October 2013." In the shale oil producing areas of Eagle Ford, Niobrara, and the Bakken, production had reached a peak and was beginning to decline. What the USEIA is not clear about is whether this is the result of recent economics, or some longer-term trend. This message was echoed a few weeks later in the Post Carbon Institutes's new analysis of Marcellus shale production, along with a warning about the future prospects: "Industry invariably drills its best prospects first, hence the cheapest gas is being exploited now. Infinite faith in technology cannot make up for the realities of geology. These realities are showing up now in the most productive counties." In Britain, emulating the USA, we've been told that we have to go all out to realise the 'US shale energy revolution'. It has been sold to the public as a new economic Renaissance ... what went wrong? I have to begin a decade ago ... Ten years ago this month, in May 2005, I published my first book - Energy Beyond Oil (copies are still available from a few bookshops). Long before $147 oil and the resultant economic crash that followed, the book analysed the evidence for the peaking of various energy resources, and the economic problems which might result from the practical reality of these phenomena. 'Peak oil' - or the peaks of other resources such as copper or rare metals - is not equivalent to 'running out'. The 'peak' is the point in time when half the available non-renewable reserve has been extracted - somewhere between a half and two-fifths through the lifetime of the resource. From that point on it gets progressively harder to maintain production. Supply begins to fall, and both the energy and resources expended to produce a given quantity of the resource begins to increase exponentially over time. This effect is the result of the interaction of geology and economics: That's very bad for business and our resource-consuming lifestyles. In 2008 the crash came. What was worse, the warning signs related to the problems of finite energy supplies, ecological limits and debt were ignored; their message smothered beneath billions of pounds and trillions of dollars of quantitative easing. As billions poured into the banks, all the bankers could do in the midst of a recession was to lend to the few large industrial investment projects which were under-way - such as 'fracking' in the USA, or the housing market in Britain. By 2009 I found that people no longer wanted to talk about peak oil and its effects. They could experience that reality every day! As a result, in mid-2009, I shifted my work away from ecological limits into unconventional gas and oil production - aka 'fracking' - in Britain. As with my shift into peak oil back around 2002, it was to become a fortuitous choice. 'The death of peak oil' The high oil prices of the 2000s led, by the end of the decade, to a concern about 'peak oil' and geopolitics. Once more people were researching and talking about the ecological 'limits to growth'. For neoliberal economists the offence of ecological limits is not that it seeks to describe physical trends with reference to historical statistics. The offence is that it attacks the philosophical heart of neoliberalism - because if energy supply cannot grow inexorably then neither can the global economy. For the economic lobby fracking was a human-made miracle. It answered the criticisms of peak oil theory by alluding to a vast untapped resource of oil and gas that could be brought to the market by new technology and human ingenuity. From 2011 the pro-fracking lobby began to spin a story of 'the death of peak oil'. It was promoted by senior oil economists such as Daniel Yergin, and repeated uncritically in the media. When The Oil Drum, a peak oil analysts' web site, closed in 2013, the pro-fracking economic lobby were ecstatic: " ... today, it is probably safe to say we have slayed 'peak oil' once and for all, thanks to the combination new shale oil and gas production techniques and declining fuel use." Peak oil defined by the existence of a web site? How absurd! Peak oil's not dead, it's very much alive! The deeper meaning of the USEIA's announcement about the downturn in shale oil production is that - for the pro-fracking economic lobby - it represents the return of the monster they thought they'd slain. In late 2014 - when the first signs of an impending collapse in fracking, and the exaggeration of the available resources came to light - the arguments over the 'death of peak oil', which had been quiet for a year, were dragged from the economic lobby's closet. Stories of the continued demise of peak oil were spread by the economic media and pro-fracking lobbyist sites. Around this time I began watching the statistics on oil and gas production closely once more. And with the USEIA's recent announcement, the reality has become clearer. The quiet reality of North American oil Canada produces a lot of conventional and unconventional oil - a large proportion of which gets sent to the USA. This fact is used as a positive message by the tar sands lobby to promote their industry. What that message misses is that the whole of the continent of North American acts as a single market - in part due to NAFTA. Mexico used to supply a lot of oil to the USA too, but production in the Cantarell field peaked in 2003 and is now in decline. For the last few years all that those increases in Canadian production have done is to roughly keep pace with the decline of Mexico's production. In the USA, yes they've produced a lot of new oil and gas from shale. What's equally significant is that, as a result of the economic downturn, they're also consuming 10% less oil than they were before the crash. Within the North American energy system, the impacts of the US economic recession on consumption is every bit as important as all those fracking rigs. In the global context too, the recent Chinese economic slowdown is a major factor in OPEC having the ability to floor the price of oil, thereby curtailing unconventional sources of oil. The figures are clear - we've peaked! If we take the data from the BP Annual Statistical Review for 2014, global oil supply was higher than in any other previous year. Peak oil averted? - arguably not. BP's figures include fracked shale oil, Canadian tar sands, and natural gas liquids from unconventional gas production. As outlined recently by the USEIA and Post Carbon Institute, shale oil is beginning to hit the limits of production. In Canada too, production is being constrained by a lack of new investment due to currently low prices. The other major factor is that, even amongst conventional producers, all is not rosy. Six nations produce half the worlds oil, three of which have peaked conventional production; 14 produce 75%, six of which are arguably past their conventional oil peak. For the last decade fracking and tar sands have produced enough oil to influence the global figure - but only by a few percent. Strip out that few percent of unconventional oil (let's ignore the gas liquids for now) and that small buffer evaporates. Once shale production falls significantly, or Mexico or another key producer begins to hit the steeper part of their depletion curve, or just a few more oil producers reach their peak, production will fall more steeply - portending yet another global energy, then economic crisis. Without the small contribution from unconventional oil, global oil production peaked in 2005, and has been on a very gradual downward trajectory ever since. This is the cleft stick within today's global energy supply: too little 'cheap energy' to enable economic growth, too low a return on capital to allow investment in higher production. In terms of a definition of 'peak oil' which encompasses both its economic and geophysical nature - this is a situation which demonstrates the reality of oil's ecological limits. Today, doubts over the future of unconventional oil make peak oil a reality. If prices rise, won't fracking and tar sands make a comeback? If supply falls, and prices rise, won't we just start the whole bandwagon over again? That depends upon the economic conditions the other side of the crisis. During the early 2000s 'gas fracking' in the US arose under the lax credit arrangements which existed in the USA before the 2007/8 economic crash. After the 2008/9 crash most of those gas rigs were withdrawn and re-directed to oil production. What has fuelled 'oil fracking' since 2009 has been near-zero interest rates and the 'cheap' money created by quantitative easing. Also, given what we know about unconventional fossil fuels today - their impacts upon the climate, and human health, and their unwholesome relationship with political power and academia - the public are in a far better position to resist any attempt to resurrect the industry. More significantly, any meaningful climate deal in Paris in December will have to put limits on global fossil fuel production. As the dirtiest fossil fuels, fracking and tar sands would have to be on the list of what we must 'keep in the ground'. The Age of Oil is winding down - it has been doing so since 2005. In a greenhouse gas constrained world, where the swift adaptation of our food system to climate change is arguably a higher priority than fuelling private cars or passenger air travel, there is no room for unconventional fossil fuels. Of course the neoliberal economists who chuckled at the 'death of peak oil' will scream with rage! Peak oil hasn't just refused to die; it's alive and well and perturbing their economic models once more. That's their own ideological problem. They will have to adapt their theories in the face of peak oil's statistical reality, or stand aside and allow ecological economists - who do internalise these factors - to begin guiding society on a new path. That's the real implication of peak oil. The data on this and other ecological issues indicates that the core of neoliberal theory - of continual growth, technological progress and monetary wealth creation - is fatally flawed. Just as energy and industrial planners will inevitably need to find solutions beyond oil, governments will need to go back to the drawing board and find new model for the political economy.
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